A1夯实基础

以语音为物质外壳，

由词汇和语法构成

并能表达人类思想的符号系统。

• 音素：元音 辅音
• 单词：音节 重音 失去爆破 浊化 三单 过去式过去分词
• 句子：语调 重音 弱读 连读 缩读
• 段落：意群

音标就是记录音素的符号，是音素的标写符号，它的制定原则是：一个音素只用一个音标表示，一个音标只表示一个音素。

音素的定义其实不难理解，在英文当中叫 phone 。它是语音中最小的单位，依据音节里的发音动作来分析。

• 英文与汉语不同的是，英语是拼音文字，字母本身就表达语音。这就是我们常说的自然拼读法则。
• 然而，英语有40多个发音，却仅有26个字母。为了能准确标识发音，引入了语音符号，这些语音符号称作音标（Phonetic symbol）。

音标的种类

国际音标（ IPA ，International Phonetic Alphabet），是1888年国际语音协会的语言学家制定出的一套可国际通用的语音符号叫国际音标符号，希望以一个符号代表一音，避免各人使用一套自己的符号所产生的不便。

除了IPA之外，比较常用的还有英式的 DJ 音标，以及美式的 K.K. 音标，它们分别也都是国际音标的一种。

• DJ 音标就是通常我们说的 英式发音 音标，由英国语音学家Daniel Jones研究出，由他的姓名首字母缩写DJ表示。
• K.K. 音标，是《美式英语发音辞典》（A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English）所使用的音标。由于两位作者John Samuel Kenyon及Thomas A. Knott的姓皆以K为开头，所以此辞典俗称为K.K. 。K.K.音标的主要用途之一是教导母语非英语者学会 美式英语 的发音。

不管是哪一种音标，最终的目的都是辅助我们语音的学习，所以多认识一些种类才能更好的运用世界各大词典和理解语言书籍中的单词发音。

• 我们音标的基础课程还是以大家熟悉的国际音标为主，同时也会为大家介绍常见的一些变式和英美不同的读音方式。
• 国际音标中共有20个元音，28个辅音。

我们讲解音标的时候会分别为大家给出IPA，DJ，KK三种标示，可以让同学们更好地了解不同的书写方式，在查阅不同字典的时候都能自由应对。

此外，在这顺便说一下音标符号的问题， // 被称为宽式音标(broad transcription)， [ ] 被称为严式音标(narrow transcription)，严式意思是表示 的音是确定的，不会再有音位的变化。一般语 言学研究专家或者进行这方面研习的学者会使 用“严式音标”，而我们在学习当中使用“宽 式音标” // 就可以了。

音标符号：

IPA: [i:]
DJ: [i:]
KK: /i/

大家可以看到，KK美式音标中摈弃了英式音标中的长元音符号 /ː/ ，这也几乎是英式与美式音标书写上的最大区别。

发音方式：

发音时上下唇微微张开，嘴唇扁平。 舌尖抵下齿，前舌尽量抬高。舌部 及下颚肌肉紧张，嘴角尽量往两边 移动，有点像微笑的样子，这也是 为什么西方人在拍照时喜欢说 cheese。

练就出饱满的长元音会为你的口语水平大大加分。

跟读练习

see /siː/
tea /tiː/
keep /kiːp/
need /niːd/
week /wiːk/
meat /miːt/
leave /liːv/

音标符号

IPA [ɪ]
DJ /ɪ/
KK /ɪ/

发音方式：

发音时口形扁平，嘴唇稍松开，并向 两旁伸开，舌头肌肉松弛。舌尖抵下 齿，舌硬颚抬起，但舌位稍低。练习 时，发这个音一定记得收小腹，可以 帮你更好的找到它的位置。

注意它的音和 /iː/ 并不只是长短的区别， /ɪ/ 并不是 /iː/ 的加长版！

像军人报数1。

跟读练习

big /bɪg/ 大的
hit /hɪt/ 打某人
kid / kɪd / 小孩
Nick /nɪk/ 人名
wish /wɪʃ/ 愿望
listen /ˈlɪsn/ 听
ticket /ˈtɪkɪt/ 票

/iː/&/ɪ/ 发音对比练习

seat /siːt/ 座位   heat /hiːt/ 热度
sit /sɪt/ 坐下    hit /hɪt/ 打

beat /bi:t/ 打某人  feat /fi:t/ 大餐
bit /bɪt/   字节  fit /fɪt/ 合适的

lead /liːd/ 领导  deed /diːd/ 行为
lid /lɪd/ 盖子    did /dɪd/ do的过去式

音标符号

IPA  [æ]
DJ  /æ/
KK  /æ/

发音方式：

发音时，双唇向两边尽量平伸，嘴巴张开较大，下巴下垂很多，上下齿之间大概可容纳食指和中指两个手指的宽度。舌尖轻触下齿，舌前部微微抬起，舌位比较低。发音时应逐渐压低舌头和下颚，尽可能夸张。

发音特点：

1. 这个音要张大嘴。
2. 舌尖放下牙后面，舌头稍稍拱起来。
3. 英式的发音比美式稍软一些。

跟读练习

at /æt/  在哪里
mad /mæd/  发疯，生气
cat /kæt/  猫
cash /kæʃ/  现金
happy /ˈhæpɪ/ 幸福
rabbit /ˈræbɪt/ 兔子
family /ˈfæməli/ 家庭

音标符号

IPA  [e]
DJ  /e/
KK  /ɛ/

发音方式： 发音时嘴唇向两侧微微分开，上下齿间大约可容纳一个小指头尖的距离。舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍稍抬起。唇形扁平，嘴唇向两侧微分。有点像假笑时摆出的口型。练习的时候可以使下巴逐渐向下移动，同时发出声音。这个音同学们经常会与刚刚讲的 /æ/ 混淆，主要可以对着镜子看看自己发音时上下齿之间的距离，大小是不同的。

/æ/ 纵向张嘴， /e/ 横向张嘴。

还有一个要注意的问题是美音 /ɛ/ 的舌位比英音 /e/ 的要稍稍低一点，口型稍宽一点。

跟读练习

bed /bed/ 床
pet /pet/ 宠物
head /hed/ 头
bread /bred/ 面包
very /verɪ/  非常
check /tʃek/ 检查
heaven /ˈhevn/ 天堂

/æ/&/e/ 发音对比练习

bad /bæd/ 坏人  hat /hæt/ 帽子
bed /bed/ 床  head /hed/ 头

dad /dæd/ 父亲  mat /mæt/ 桌垫
dead /ded/ 死了 met /met/ 见到某人的过去式

sat /sæt/ sit的过去式  pad /pæd/ 软垫
set /set/ 一个系列、安装  pet /pet/ 宠物

音标符号

IPA  [ɑː]
DJ   /ɑː/
KK   /ɑ/

发音方式：

发此音时需要张大嘴巴，舌身后缩，舌尖远离下齿。嘴巴放松，牙床全部张开，尽量让上牙和下牙呈现平行打开的状态，双唇呈圆形。

可以对着镜子看看自己嘴巴张得够不够大。这个音多出现在词首和词中。

像唱歌剧

跟读练习

bar /bɑː(r)/ 酒吧
cart /cɑː(r)t/ 小推车
garlic /ˈɡɑː(r)lɪk/  大蒜
mark /mɑː(r)k/ 马克笔
large /lɑː(r)dʒ/ 大型的
calm /kɑːm/ 冷静
father /ˈfɑːðə(r)/ 父亲

r 打括号是英美音的差别。r在元音后，美国人会把r念出来，英国人会省略掉。

音标符号

IPA  [ʌ]
DJ   /ʌ/
KK   /ʌ/

发音方式：

发音时，舌中部稍稍抬起，舌位介于中低，整个舌身在口腔处于低平状态。双唇扁平。

对于/ʌ/这个音，美音和英音是有区别的。美音嘴长得比英音略小，嘴巴微微张开即可，是比较“懒”的一个音，发音时要放松，用喉咙发音，不要靠前发音。

跟读练习

hut /hʌt / 轻
mud /mʌd/ 放松
run /rʌn/ 跑步
under /ˈʌndə(r)/ 在..下面
love /lʌv/ 爱情
some /sʌm/  一些
touch /tʌtʃ/ 抚摸

对比练习 /ɑː/ &/ʌ/

/ɑː/ bar 酒吧, cart 小推车, father 父亲
/ʌ/ hut 小屋, mud 泥, run 跑

音标符号

IPA  [ɜː]
DJ  /ɜː/
KK  /ɜ/

发音方式：

发音时舌身放平，舌中部伸向硬颚，但是不能接触，舌部肌肉紧张。双唇稍稍张开，牙床接近半合，开得很小。

需要注意的英美音在发音的时候有很大的区别，英音是不卷舌的，有点类似汉语中“饿”这个字。而美音当中要加一个r的音，是需要卷舌的，但舌尖上卷时注意不要接触口腔任何部位。

跟读练习

sir /sɜː(r)/ 先生
fur /fɜː(r)/ 皮毛
bird /bɜː(r)d/ 鸟
dirt /dɜː(r)t/  泥土
purse /pɜː(r)s/ 钱包
work /wɜː(r)k/ 工作
earth /ɜː(r)θ/ 地球

音标符号

IPA  [ə]
DJ  /ə/
KK  /ə/

发音方式：

发音时舌身放平，嘴稍稍张开，舌中部伸向硬颚，但是不要与之接触，舌位比其对应的长元音要低一些。舌头不要紧张，尽量放松，口腔肌肉也要放松。有的类似我们汉语中“的”de，“了”le，么“么”这种轻音的韵母。注意这个音标本身是不卷舌的。

在美音中， /ə/ 和 /ʌ/ 的发音位置几乎是一样的，区别在于/ə/只出现在非重读音节当中，要更弱一些，两个音的发音状态都是非常放松的。

跟读练习

along /əˈlɔːŋ/ 沿着
about /əˈbaʊt/ 关于
police /pəˈliːs/ 警察
tonight /təˈnaɪt/ 今晚
support /səˈpɔː(r)t/ 支持
suggest /səˈdʒest/ 建议
doctor /ˈdɒktə(r)/ 医生
actor /ˈæktə(r)/ 演员

对比练习 /ɜː/& /ə/

/ɜː/  sir 先生, fur 毛皮, bird 鸟

/ə/ along 沿着, about 关于, doctor 医生

音标符号

IPA  [uː]
DJ  /uː/
KK  /u/

发音方式：

发音时舌身后缩，舌尖离开下齿，舌后部尽量向软腭抬起，但不要接触到软腭。双唇向前突出，收得极小而圆，同时嘴部肌肉时收紧的。发音也是要足够长，要到位。这个音一般出现在词中或者词末，但是很少出现在词首。

像亲你

跟读练习

school /skuːl/ 学校
tooth /tuːθ/ 牙齿
moon /muːn/ 月亮
zoo /zuː/ 动物园
shoe /ʃuː/ 鞋子
juice /dʒuːs/ 果汁
fruit /fruːt/ 水果

音标符号

IPA  [ʊ]
DJ  /ʊ/
KK  /ʊ/

发音方式：

发音时舌身后缩，舌后部向软腭抬起，舌位较高。双唇稍收圆，稍稍微突出。这个音很短，发音时记得要收小腹，短促有力。这个音和对应的长元音也有一些区别，如果想要发的地道，也是需要同学们大量的对比练习。

窝窝头最前面的音

跟读练习

look /lʊk/ 看

book /bʊk/ 书

should /ʃʊd/ 应该

would /wʊd/ 做

put /pʊt/ 放下来

sugar /ˈʃʊɡər/ 糖果

/uː/&/ʊ/ 发音对比练习

food /fuːd/ 食物 tool /tuːl/ 工具 
foot /fʊt/  脚 took /tʊk/ 拿

boot /buːt/ 靴子  shoe /ʃuː/ 鞋子
book /bʊk/ 书  should /ʃʊd/ 应该

练习时一定注意这两个音不只是长短上的区别！

音标符号

IPA  [ɔː]
DJ  /ɔː/
KK  /ɔ/

发音方式：

发音时舌后部抬起，牙床接近半开，舌身低平后缩。双唇稍稍收圆，并向前突出。这个音其实不难发出来，但是很难发到位，我们要记住长元音还是一定要拉长发出来才好听。

像唱歌剧

跟读练习

talk /tɔːk/ 说话
ball /bɔːl/ 球
law /lɔː/ 法律
cause /kɔːz/  原因
autumn /ˈɔːtəm/ 秋天
horse /hɔː(r)s/ 马
board /bɔː(r) d/ 棋盘

音标符号

IPA  [ɒ]
DJ  /ɒ/
KK  /ɑ/

发音方式：

这个音英音美音的差别很大。英音当中，嘴唇收圆，舌身降低后缩，和对应的长元音差别不是很大，发音的长度比较短。而美音当中，这个音是比较夸张的，嘴巴要放松张大，牙床全部张开。大家可以对比词典中同一个词英美音的区别，从而更好的了解这个音标的发音。

跟读练习

hot /hɒt/ 热
god /gɒd/ 上帝
lot /lɒt/ 
fog /fɒg/ 雾霾
want /wɒnt/ 想要
wash /wɒʃ/ 洗手
what /wɒt/ 什么

对比练习 /ɔː/ & /ɒ/

/ɔː/ talk 谈话, ball 球, law 法律

/ɒ/  hot 热的, god 上帝, lot 许多

/iː/  see 看见, tea 茶, keep 保持
/ɪ/  big 大的, hit 击打, kid 小孩
/æ/  at 在..., mad 发疯的, cash 现金
/e/  bed 床, pet 宠物, head 头
/ɑː/  bar 酒吧, cart 小推车, father 父亲
/ʌ/  hut 小屋, mud 泥, run 跑
/ɜː/  sir 先生, fur 毛皮, bird 鸟
/ə/  along 沿着, about 关于, doctor 医生
/uː/  school 学校, tooth 牙齿, moon 月亮
/ʊ/  cook 烹饪, look 看, put 放置
/ɔː/  talk 谈话, ball 球, law 法律
/ɒ/  hot 热的, god 上帝, lot 许多

音标符号

IPA  [aɪ]
DJ  /aɪ/
KK  /aɪ/

发音方式：

发第一个音/a/时，舌尖靠近下齿，牙床全开，到位之后向第二个音/ɪ/滑动。口形由大到小，舌位由低到高，音量由强到弱，由长到短，由清晰到含糊。

这个音和艾力的艾不太一样，中文中的“艾”主要是用口腔前部发音，而在英文中由于/a/是后元音，我们要把口腔 后部 充分打开然后再滑动到/ɪ/的位置。

这个音很多同学发得不够饱满，一定要底气十足地把这个音发到位。

跟读练习

bike /baɪk/
five /faɪv/
nine /naɪn/
shy /ʃaɪ/ 害羞
fly /flaɪ/
tie /taɪ/ 叠，领带
pie /paɪ/

音标符号

IPA  [ɔɪ]
DJ  /ɔɪ/
KK  /ɔɪ/

发音方式：

在双元音中，前面/ɔ/的发音要比单独出现的时候口型要收一些，下颌张开，嘴唇略呈圆形，稍向外突出，然后嘴巴合拢，双唇向两侧分开，舌身放松前探，舌尖轻触下齿慢慢滑向/ɪ/。

发音时牙床从开逐渐变为半合，口形由稍大而圆变为小而扁。由第一个音向第二个音滑动，不到第二个音就结束。

跟读练习

toy /tɔɪ/       玩具
boy /bɔɪ/
destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/  毁灭
voice /vɔɪs/
choice /tʃɔɪs/  选择
oil /ɔɪl/  油

音标符号

IPA  [eɪ]
DJ  /eɪ/
KK  /eɪ/

发音方式：

先发/e/，这时嘴唇向两侧微分，舌尖轻抵下齿背，舌前部微微拱起，之后嘴唇继续向两侧分开一些，舌前部相应抬高，舌端靠近下齿，向第二个音/ɪ/滑动。

发音是前长后短，前重后轻，音量也是由强到弱过度。双元音发音一定要饱满。

注意美式KK音标中这个长元音就用/e/来标示。

跟读练习

make /meɪk/
same /seɪm/
date /deɪt/  约会；日期
shade /ʃeɪd/  影子
rain /reɪn/  下雨
play /pleɪ/
eight /eɪt/

音标符号

IPA  [aʊ]
DJ  /aʊ/
KK  /aʊ/

发音方式：

发音开始时，舌端靠近下齿，牙床全开。之后由第一个音向第二个音滑动，舌位由舌前部抬高，滑向舌后部抬高，牙床由全开到接近半合。发音时口形由大到小，音量由强到弱，由长到短，由清晰到含糊。两个音合而为一，成为一个合口双元音。美音当中这个音发得还是比较夸张的，需要我们多听多感受。

跟读练习

cow /kaʊ/    奶牛
how /haʊ/   怎么 
out /aʊt/      出去
mouse /maʊs/  老鼠 
cloud /klaʊd/  云朵
doubt /daʊt/     怀疑 
brown /braʊn/   棕色的

done dʌn 把某件事搞定

down daʊn

音标符号

IPA  [əʊ]
DJ  /əʊ/
KK  /o/=/oʊ/

大家可以看到，美式音标中这个音有/o/和/oʊ/两种标法，不同的词典可能出现不同的标法，但在读音上是没有区别的。

发音方式：

发音时，先打开下颔骨，嘴唇略微呈圆形，口形较大，舌端离下齿，舌身放低后缩，舌后部微抬起，然后随着发音过程的变化口形收圆缩小，舌后部继续向后缩并抬起。发音时要饱满到位，由第一个音向第二个音滑动，不要读得太短。牙床由半开到接近半合，由大到小，音量由强到弱。

跟读练习

home /həʊm/   家
nose /nəʊz/      鼻子
boat /bəʊt/       船
road /rəʊd/      马路
snow /snəʊ/    雪花 
yellow /ˈjeləʊ/  黄色
toe /təʊ/          脚趾

音标符号

IPA  [ɪə]
DJ  /ɪə/
KK  /ɪr/

发音方式：

先发/ɪ/，然后很快地滑向/ə/，发/ɪ/时注意要用扁平唇，嘴不要张得太大，以免发成/e/或/æ/。发音过程中口型始终是半开的。

发这个音时口型是由大到小的，从合到开，同时前一个成分要短一些，模糊一点，而后一个成分要长一些，清晰一点。注意英式音标中/ə/要扁平，没有卷舌音。

跟读练习

ear /ɪə(r)/       耳朵
hear /hɪə(r)/   听见
clear /klɪə(r)/  清楚的
cheer /tʃɪə(r)/   庆祝
deer /dɪə(r)/    鹿    
idea /aɪˈdɪə/
really /ˈrɪəlɪ/

音标符号

IPA  [eə]
DJ  /eə/
KK  /ɛr/

发音方式：

先发前面的/e/音，发音时舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍稍抬起，然后很快滑向/ə/音，发音过程中双唇半开。

/eə/是个集中双元音，发音/e/时嘴角向两边拉，滑向/ə/音收小，口型由大变小。

跟读练习

share /ʃeə(r)/  分享
care /keə(r)/   关怀
air /eə(r)/      空气
hair /heə(r)/    头发
bear /beə(r)/   熊
wear /weə(r)/   穿衣服

再次强调一下，英式音标中/ə/要扁平，没有卷舌音。而美式发音元音后的/r/要卷舌。

音标符号

IPA  [ʊə]
DJ  /ʊə/
KK  /ʊr/

发音方式：

依旧是先发/ʊ/的音然后慢慢滑向/ə/的音就可以了。注意口型从开始的收圆到最后半开的变化过程。牙床由半合到接近半开。

/ʊə/也是个集中双元音，发音时前长后短，前强后弱。口形由小到大。

跟读练习

tour /tʊə(r)/    旅行
sure /ʃʊə(r)/    确定的
lure /lʊə(r)/    诱惑
cure /kjʊə(r)/   治疗
gourmet /ˈɡʊə(r)meɪ/  美食

绕口令

发硬问题=病

绕口令=药 (3*5 3次，5遍/次)

Betty Botter bought some butter,
“But”, she said, “the butter is bitter.
If I put it in my batter,
It will make my batter bitter.
But a bit of better butter
That would make my batter better.”
So she bought a bit of butter,
Better than her bitter butter.
And she put it in her batter,
And the batter was not bitter.
So it was better Betty Botter
Bought a bit of better butter!

Betty Botter 人名，不是所有美国人都会浊化t为d , bought some butter /ˈbʌt.ər/买了些黄油

But, she said, "the butter is bitter" 但是她说这个黄油有点苦

put pʌt batter ˈbæt.ər 面团， 如果我把这个放到我的面团里，

will wɪl 它会让我的面团变苦

better ˈbet.ər

But a bit of better butter That would make my batter better.” 但如果一个好一些的面团，那样会让我的面团更好吃一些

So she bought a bit of butter, 所以她买了一些黄油

Better than her bitter butter. 比她的苦的黄油好些

And she put it in her batter, 她把黄油放到面团里

And the batter was not bitter. 那这个面团就没那么苦了

So it was better (than) Betty Botter Bought a bit of better butter!

/eɪ/  make 制作, same 相同的, date 日期
/aɪ/  bike 自行车, five 五, nine 九
/ɔɪ/  toy 玩具, boy 男孩, voice 声音
/aʊ/  cow 奶牛, how 怎么样, out 向外
/əʊ/  home 家, nose 鼻子, boat 船
/ɪə/  ear 耳朵, hear 听见, idea 想法
/eə/  share 分享, air 空气, wear 穿
/ʊə/  tour 观光, sure 当然, cure 治疗

问题根源：汉语音节末尾以元音为主

而英语的则以辅音结尾的单词，但同学们因为中文的发音习惯也常在以辅音结尾居多的英语单词末尾加个/ə/。

音标符号

IPA  [p]
DJ  /p/
KK  /p/

发音方式：

发音时双唇紧闭，软颚抬起，完全阻塞气流通道。憋着气，然后放开，空气从肺部压出，双唇张开，气流突破冲出口腔，发出爆破音。

发音特点：

闭上嘴，从双唇合在一起的位置开始发音。这是一个清辅音，发音时声带不振动。

跟读练习

pen /pen/ 笔
pace /peɪs/ 速度
deep /diːp/ 深的
gap /ɡæp/ 缺口
pepper /‘pepə(r)/ 辣椒
pineapple /‘paɪnæpl/ 菠萝

音标符号

IPA  [b]
DJ  /b/
KK  /b/

发音方式：

发音时双唇紧闭，软颚抬起，完全阻塞气流通道。憋着气，然后放开，空气从肺部压出，双唇张开，气流突破冲出口腔，发出爆破音。

这是个浊辅音，声带要振动发出声音。一定注意不要带出元音发音。

跟读练习

bad /bæd/ 坏的
born /bɔː(r)n/ 出生
blue /bluː/ 蓝色
Bob /bɒb/ 鲍勃
rabbit /ˈræbɪt/ 兔子
hobby /ˈhɒbi/ 爱好

音标符号

IPA  [t]
DJ  /t/
KK  /t/

发音方式：

发音时舌尖先紧贴上齿龈，憋住气，然后舌尖迅速下降，使气流冲出口腔，形成爆破音，但声带不震动，喉咙不发出声音，只有气流冲出的声音，即我们所说的清辅音。

发音特点：

舌头要碰上颚，不要碰牙！与中文里的te不同。

跟读练习

table /ˈteɪbl/ 桌子
tent /tent/ 帐篷
tidy /ˈtaɪdɪ/ 整洁的
top /tɒp/ 顶端
ticket /ˈtɪkɪt/ 票
letter /ˈletə(r)/ 字母

音标符号

IPA  [d]
DJ  /d/
KK  /d/

发音方式：

发音时双唇紧闭，软颚抬起，完全阻塞气流通道。憋着气，然后放开，空气从肺部压出，双唇张开，气流突破冲出口腔，发出爆破音。

这是个浊辅音，声带要振动发出声音。发音时要放松，不要太过用力。

跟读练习

desk /desk/ 书桌
dog /dɒɡ/ 狗
daddy /ˈdædɪ/ 爸爸
add /æd/ 加
dead /ded/ 死的
sudden /ˈsʌdn/ 忽然的

音标符号

IPA  [k]
DJ  /k/
KK  /k/

发音方式：

发音时嘴巴张开，舌后部上抬紧贴上颚，使气流通道完全阻塞，形成阻碍，同时软颚抬起，堵住鼻腔通道，再从肺部压出空气。抵住软颚的舌离开软颚，使气流冲出口腔。

这是个清辅音，声带不振动，要送气出去，气流不用那么强，舌尖要放松，下牙后面要放平。注意不要发成ke。

跟读练习

kick /kɪk/ 踢
kite /kaɪt/ 风筝
like /laɪk/ 喜欢
cool /kuːl/ 凉爽的
duck /dʌk/ 鸭子
knock /nɒk/ 敲

音标符号

IPA  [ɡ]
DJ  /ɡ/
KK  /ɡ/

发音方式：

嘴巴张开，舌后部上抬紧贴上颚，注意是后部，使气流通道完全阻塞，形成阻碍，同时软颚抬起，堵住鼻腔通道，再从肺部压出空气。抵住软颚的舌离开软颚，使气流冲出口腔。

这是个浊辅音，发音时送气较弱，声带要振动。我们拼音里的g发音时比较紧，发这个音标的时候相对要放松一些。

跟读练习

gold /ɡəʊld/ 金子
good /ɡʊd/ 好的
girl /ɡɜː(r)l/ 女孩
glass /ɡlæs/ 玻璃
egg /eg/ 蛋
beg /beg/ 乞求

齿唇摩擦

音标符号

IPA  [f]
DJ  /f/
KK  /f/

发音方式：

发音时，上齿轻触下嘴唇中间部位，气流由唇齿间的缝隙及牙缝通过，软颚抬起，声门敞开，气流摩擦成音。和我们拼音中的f有很大差别

跟读练习

fog /fɒɡ/ 雾
fat /fæt/ 胖的
wife /waɪf/ 妻子
life /laɪf/ 生命
off /ɒf/ 离开
photo /ˈfəʊtəʊ/ 照片

齿唇摩擦, 声带振动

音标符号

IPA  [v]
DJ  /v/
KK  /v/

发音方式：

/v/和/f/的主音相同，发音时两音口型基本相同，下唇轻触上齿。气流由唇齿间的缝隙中通过，引起摩擦。

这是个浊辅音，发音时，声带震动。另外要注意上齿与下唇的咬合，气流通过唇齿间，千万不要发成/w/的音。

跟读练习

very /ˈverɪ/ 非常
visit /ˈvɪzɪt/ 参观
victor /ˈvɪktə(r)/ 胜利者
heavy /ˈhevɪ/ 重的
five /faɪv/ 五
eve /iːv/ 前夜
river /ˈrɪvə(r)/ 河

音标符号

IPA  [s]
DJ  /s/
KK  /s/

发音方式：

发音时，抬起舌前部，靠近硬颚前部，但不要接触。上下齿自然合拢，口形不要张得太大。舌尖靠近上齿龈，让气流从舌尖齿龈所形成的窄缝中强行通过，摩擦成音，气流泻出时会伴有嘶嘶声。

发音特点：

1. /s/是清辅音，是个强送气音，气流冲出强劲，但声带不振动。
2. 舌尖在上牙后面，舌头放平，哪儿都不碰。

跟读练习

sick /sɪk/ 生病的
sad /sæd/ 伤心的
city /ˈsɪtɪ/ 城市
ice /aɪs/ 冰
lesson /ˈlesn/ 课
science /ˈsaɪəns/ 科学

声带振动

音标符号

IPA  [z]
DJ  /z/
KK  /z/

发音方式：

/z/与/s/的主音相同，所以发音时口型与/s/也基本相同，上下齿自然合拢，口形不要张得太大。舌端抬起，靠近齿龈，但不要贴住。发音时，气流由舌端与齿龈之间的窄缝中泄出，空气泄出时伴有嘶嘶声。

发音特点：

1. 这是个浊辅音，要振动声带发音，气流较强。
2. 舌尖在上牙后面，放平，无线靠近牙背。

跟读练习

zero /ˈzɪrəʊ/ 零
zebra /ˈziːbrə/ 斑马
jazz /dʒæz/ 爵士
rose /rəʊz/ 玫瑰
his /hɪz/ 他的
please /pliːz/ 请

音标符号

IPA  [ʃ]
DJ  /ʃ/
KK  /ʃ/

发音方式：

发这个音时舌端抬起，靠近齿龈后部（但不要贴住），舌的两侧须贴住上齿的两侧，形成一条狭长的通道，气流通过时摩擦成音。双唇要稍微向前突出并稍收圆。

这是个清辅音，发这个音时要送气，声带不振动。

跟读练习

ship /ʃɪp/ 船
shake /ʃeɪk/ 摇摆
sheet /ʃiːt/ 表格
wish /wɪʃ/ 愿望
push /pʊʃ/ 推
special /ˈspeʃl/ 特别的

介于汉语拼音 ri 和 zhi 之间， 念成汉语拼音 re 最好，因为音来源于法语。

音标符号

IPA  [ʒ]
DJ  /ʒ/
KK  /ʒ/

发音方式：

它的发音位置和/ʃ/是基本一致的，不同的是/ʒ/是个浊辅音，发这个音时要送气，声带要振动起来。

这个音来源于法语，法语当中其实很多这个发音，在英文中使用的频率不是特别高，但是我们还是要掌握它的正确发音。发音的方式和我们中文中的“日”还是有区别的，大家要仔细感受舌头的位置。

跟读练习

measure /ˈmeʒə(r)/ 测量
pleasure /ˈpleʒə(r)/ 愉快
casual /ˈkæʒuəl/ 休闲的
usually /ˈjuːʒuəli/ 经常
Asia /ˈeɪʒə/ 亚洲
conclusion /kənˈkluːʒn/ 结论

音标符号

IPA  [θ]
DJ  /θ/
KK  /θ/

发音方式：

发音时把舌尖放在上下齿之间，舌尖轻触上齿，略略露出齿外，气流由舌齿间泻出，摩擦成音。

发音特点：

1. 一定要吐舌 Stick out your tongue！
2. 要轻轻咬舌，不要太使劲
3. 牙和舌头之间气息慢慢呼气，让气息从上牙和舌面之间出来，练习时咬舌同时长呼一口气感受它的发音
4. 声带不要震动

/θ/的发音规律：

字母组合th（只有这个组合发这个音）

单词练习：

thing /θɪŋ/ 东西 three /θriː/ 三
tooth /tuθ/ 牙 thumb /θʌm/ 拇指
bath /bæθ/ 洗澡 theater /ˈθiːətə(r)/ 剧院
mouth /maʊθ/ 嘴 third /θɜː(r)d/ 第三
thank /θæŋk/ 谢谢 everything /ˈevriθɪŋ/ 一切

发音时最好照着镜子练习，送气时舌头不能缩回去再发音，同时平时要多锻炼舌部的小肌肉。

音标符号

IPA  [ð]
DJ  /ð/
KK  /ð/

发音方式：

先将舌尖微微伸出，置于上下门齿之间，舌身成扁平。舌尖和下齿之间的气流通道非常窄小，气流从舌齿间的窄缝中泄出，摩擦成音。

发音特点：

1. 一定要吐舌头
2. 要轻轻咬舌，不要太使劲
3. 牙和舌头之间气息慢慢呼气，让气息从上牙和舌面之间出来
4. 声带要震动

/ð/的发音规律：

字母组合th（只有这个组合发这个音）

跟读练习

the /ðə/ 这 other /ˈʌðər/ 其他的
that /ðæt/ 那个 brother /ˈbrʌðər/ 兄弟
there /ðe(r)/ 在那里 though /ðəʊ/ 虽然
those /ðəʊz/ 那些 thus /ðʌs/ 那么
smooth /smuːð/ 光滑的 with /wɪð/ 和...

音标符号

IPA  [h]
DJ  /h/
KK  /h/

发音方式：

发音时气流自由逸出口腔，只在通过声门时发生轻微摩擦。这个音口型不定，随后面的元音而变化。这是个清辅音，发音时声带不振动，送气很大。

发音特点：

1. /h/只出现在音节开头的位置
2. 舌头不要动，舌尖在下牙后放平并放松
3. 不要发出咳痰的感觉

小提示：有一些首字母是h的单词，h不发音，需要特别留意。比如：

honor /ˈɒnə(r)/ 荣誉
honest /ˈɒnɪst/ 诚实的
hour /ˈaʊə(r)/ 小时

跟读练习

hello /həˈləʊ/ 你好
hat /hæt/ 帽子
hip /hɪp/ 髋部
hotel /həʊˈtel/ 旅馆
have /hæv/ 有
heat /hiːt/ 高温

音标符号

IPA  [r]
DJ  /r/
KK  /r/

发音方式：

舌尖卷起，舌端抬高靠近（不要贴住）上齿龈后背部，舌身向后缩。双唇略张开并收圆，稍突出。/r/是浊辅音，发音时声带振动。气流通过舌端及上齿龈后背部所形成的通道时有轻微的摩擦。

这里所讲的卷舌音一般是指放在元音前，与元音构成一个音节。当这个音出现在元音后时，就构成了我们在元音部分讲过的几个卷舌音。

跟读练习

rice /raɪs/ 大米
rat /ræt/ 鼠
rest /rest/ 休息
hurry /ˈhʌrɪ/ 匆忙
write /raɪt/ 写
wrong /rɒŋ/ 错误的

/p/  pen 笔, pepper 辣椒, gap 缺口
/b/  bad 坏的, blue 蓝色, Bob 鲍勃
/t/  table 桌子, top 顶端, hit 击打
/d/  desk 书桌, dog 狗, dead 死的
/k/  keep 保持, kite 风筝, like 喜欢
/ɡ/  gold 金子, good 好的, egg 鸡蛋
/f/  fat 胖的, wife 妻子, off 离开
/v/  very 非常, visit 参观, five 五
/s/  sick 生病的, sad 伤心的, ice 冰
/z/  zero 零, rose 玫瑰, his 他的
/θ/  thing 东西, thank 谢谢, tooth 牙
/ð/  the 这, that 那个, with 和...一起
/ʃ/  ship 船, shake 摇摆, wish 愿望
/ʒ/  measure 测量, usually 经常, Asia 亚洲
/h/  hello 你好, have 有, hotel 旅馆
/r/  rice 大米, rat 鼠, hurry 匆忙

音标符号

IPA  [tʃ]
DJ  /tʃ/
KK  /tʃ/

发音方式：

发音时舌前端抬起贴住上齿龈后部，形成阻碍，舌头的其余部分放在发/ʃ/的部位。双唇向前突出，略成圆形。气流冲破阻碍时舌和齿龈间发生摩擦成音。

这是个清辅音，要送气，声带不振动。

跟读练习

cherry /ˈtʃerɪ/ 樱桃
chair /tʃeə(r)/ 椅子
cheap /tʃiːp/ 便宜的
future /ˈfjuːtʃə(r)/ 未来
kitchen /ˈkɪtʃɪn/ 厨房
catch /kætʃ/ 抓住

音标符号

IPA  [dʒ]
DJ  /dʒ/
KK  /dʒ/

发音方式：

发音时舌前端抬起贴住上齿龈后部，形成阻碍。同样是气流冲破阻碍时，舌和齿龈间发生摩擦成音。

这是个浊辅音，发音时只有微弱气流泻出，摩擦在舌端，但注意不要卷舌，声带振动。

跟读练习

page /peɪdʒ/ 页码
large /lɑː(r)dʒ/ 大的
judge /dʒʌdʒ/ 评价
bridge /brɪdʒ/ 桥
just /dʒʌst/ 仅仅
danger /ˈdeɪndʒə(r)/ 危险

汉字“戳”最前面的部分，嘴型足够圆

音标符号

IPA  [tr]
DJ  /tr/
KK  /tr/

发音方式：

舌身先采取发/r/的姿势，舌尖向上贴住上齿龈后部，形成阻碍。发音时舌头放开，气流从舌尖和齿龈间冲出，冲破阻碍发出短促的/t/后立即发/r/。双唇要稍稍突出，略成圆形。这个音的送气也比较强。

单词练习

track /træk/ 轨道
tree /triː/ 树
trash /træʃ/ 垃圾
train /treɪn/ 火车
trip /trɪp/ 旅行        和对应的 chip /tʃɪp/ 芯片
trouble /‘trʌbəl/ 麻烦

汉字“桌”前面部分

音标符号

IPA  [dr]
DJ  /dr/
KK  /dr/

发音方式：

/dr/的主音与/tr/相同，口型也基本一至。发音时舌身采取发/r/的姿势。随即舌头放开，让气流从舌尖和齿龈间冲出，冲破阻碍发出短促的/d/后立即发/r/，是先破后擦的感觉。

单词练习

drama /’drɑːmə/ 戏剧
drink /drɪŋk/ 喝
dream /driːm/ 梦
drum /drʌm/ 鼓
drug /drʌɡ/ 药
dress /dres/ 裙子

蹦迪时音乐“动次打次”中ci的音

音标符号

IPA  [ts]
DJ  /ts/
KK  /ts/

发音方式：

舌尖抬起，先抵住上齿龈，堵住气流，然后突然下降抵住下齿，气流随即泻出口腔，形成先破后擦的声音。

/ts/是清辅音，送气但声带不振动。

在结尾中出现

跟读练习

hats /hæts/ 帽子（复数）
gets /gets/ 得到（第三人称单数）
wants /wɒnts/ 想要（第三人称单数）
sets /sets/ 设定（第三人称单数）
eats /iːts/ 吃（第三人称单数）
parts /paː(r)ts/ 部分（复数）

音标符号

IPA  [dz]
DJ  /dz/
KK  /dz/

发音方式：

发音时位置和/ts/基本是一样的，舌尖抬起，先抵住上齿龈，堵住气流，然后突然下降抵住下齿，气流随即泻出口腔，形成破擦的声音，同时声带振动。

/dz/是浊辅音，不送气，声带振动。

区别很小： /z/是摩擦音， /dz/是破擦音

在结尾中出现

跟读练习

hands /hændz/ 手（复数）
kinds /kaɪndz/ 种类（复数）
friends /frendz/ 朋友（复数）
rides /raɪdz/ 骑（第三人称单数）
adds /ædz/ 加（第三人称单数）
seconds /'sekəndz/ 秒（复数）

音标符号

IPA  [m]
DJ  /m/
KK  /m/

发音方式：

这个鼻音发音并不难。发音时，双唇闭拢，形成阻碍。舌头自然放平，软颚下垂，气流从鼻腔泻出。这是个浊辅音，发音时声带振动，双唇也会随着一起振动。这个音有一定的长度，声音发出时可稍延长

单词练习

man /mæn/ 男人
meet /miːt/ 遇见
month /mʌnθ/ 月
home /həʊm/ 家
time /taɪm/ 时间
summer /ˈsʌmə(r)/ 夏天

音标符号

IPA  [n]
DJ  /n/
KK  /n/

发音方式：

微微张开嘴巴，舌尖紧贴上齿龈，形成阻碍。气流从鼻腔泄出，同时声带震动发出声音。

这个音出现在词尾的时候经常会被同学们忽略，当/n/出现在音节结尾处时要略微延长。/n/和/m/是同一组鼻辅音，所不同的是/m/是"闭嘴音"，而/n/是"开口音"。

跟读练习

nice /naɪs/ 好的
name /neɪm/ 名字
need /niːd/ 需要
can /kæn/ 能
sun /sʌn/ 太阳
winter /ˈwɪntə(r)/ 冬天

音标符号

IPA  [ŋ]
DJ  /ŋ/
KK  /ŋ/

发音方式：

发音时嘴唇张开，舌后部抬起贴住软腭，软腭同时下垂，堵住口腔通道，让气流从鼻腔泻出，声带振动。

这个音只出现在元音之后，但确实不是很好发，所以同学们一定要多加练习。

单词练习

king /kɪŋ/ 国王
long /lɔːŋ/ 长的
pink /pɪŋk/ 粉色
thank /θæŋk/ 谢谢
hungry /ˈhʌŋɡrɪ/ 饿的
English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ 英语

音标符号

IPA  [j]
DJ  /j/
KK  /j/

发音方式： 发音时，双唇向两旁伸展成扁平形，口形和/l/相似。舌前部向硬腭尽量抬起，但不要接触，舌位很高，让气流从舌和硬腭的缝隙间通过，摩擦发声。声带振动，发音短暂，立刻向后面的元音滑动。这是个半元音，它不能单独成音，不能延长。所以不能出现在词尾。

但它可以和前面的辅音拼读在一起，后接元音构成音节。也可以像辅音一样和后边的元音拼读在一起。

跟读练习

yes /jes/ 是
yellow /ˈjeləʊ/ 黄色
yesterday /ˈjestə(r)deɪ/ 昨天
you /juː/ 你
million /ˈmɪljən/ 百万
William /ˈwɪljəm/ 威廉

音标符号

IPA  [w]
DJ  /w/
KK  /w/

发音方式：

这个音口形和/u/相似，双唇收得很圆很小，嘴唇张开到刚好可以含住一根吸管的程度，并向前微噘起，略有摩擦，但上齿不能接触下唇。发音时，舌后部想软颚抬起，舌位很高。发音时气流从双唇间摩擦而过。

这是个浊辅音，发音时声带振动，发音短促，立刻向后面的元音滑动。这是个半元音，它不同于元音，不能单独成音，不能延长。它必须后接元音拼读，所以不能出现在单词末尾。

跟读练习

wait /weɪt/ 等待
west /west/ 西方
week /wiːk/ 星期
what /wɒt/ 什么
where /weə(r)/ 在哪
white /waɪt/ 白色

音标符号

IPA  [l]
DJ  /l/
KK  /l/

发音方式：

/l/发音有两种情况，根据它所出现的位置不同发出两种不太完全一样的音，可以分为清晰/l/音(出现在音节首、元音之前)和含糊/l/音(出现在辅音前或词尾)。

清晰/l/音：

/l/在音节首、元音之前的发音就是我们通常所指的齿龈边音，也可以称之为清晰/l/音。发清晰/l/音时，在下一个音即将出出时舌头离开上齿龈，迅速下落。

比如：like, love, failure

对于这个音来说，我们同学应该是没什么问题的。

含糊/l/音：

/l/在音节末（或者辅音前）则要发成软颚化的齿龈边音，此时舌头不需要下落。发音时舌端紧贴上齿龈，舌前下陷，舌后上抬，舌面形成凹型，气流在此发出共鸣的声音，声带振动。

比如：girl, ball, people

这里要注意的是/l/是个浊辅音，声音是由声带震动发出。这个音有一定的长度，和元音一样可以延长。

单词练习

清晰/l/音          含糊/l/音
look /lʊk/ 看      old /əʊld/ 旧的
lock /lɒk/ 锁      school /skuːl/ 学校
leaf /liːf/ 叶子    travel /ˈtrævl/ 旅行
lose /luːz/ 失去    bill /bɪl/ 账单
light /laɪt/ 轻的   world /wɜː(r)ld/ 世界

/l/音还有一个常见的用法。它常与爆破音/p/、/b/、/t/、/d/、/k/、/g/和摩擦音/f/、/v/、/s/、/z/及鼻辅音/m/、/n/连起来构成音节，称为辅音连缀。

包括： pl/、/bl/、/tl/、/dl/、/kl/、/gl/、/fl/、/vl/、/sl/、/zl/、/ml/、/nl

比如：

play /pleɪ/ 玩
black /blæk/ 黑色
floor /flɔː(r)/ 地板
gentle /ˈdʒentl/ 温和的
middle /ˈmɪdəl/ 中间
global /ˈgləʊb(ə)l/ 全球的

名称音：26个字母音标表

A a [ei]    B b [bi:]   C c [si:]   D d [di:]   E e [i:]
F f [ef]    G g [dʒi:]  H h [eit∫]  I i [ai]    J j [dʒei]
K k [kei]   L l [el]    M m [em]    N n [en]    O o [əʊ]
P p [pi:]   Q q [kju:]  R r [ɑːr]    S s [es]    T t [ti:]
U u [ju:]   V v [vi:]   W w [ˈdʌbəljuː]  X x [eks]   Y y [wai]
Z z [zi:][zed]

/tʃ/  cherry 樱桃, chair 椅子, teacher 老师
/dʒ/  page 页码, just 刚才, danger 危险
/tr/  track 轨道, tree 树, train 火车
/dr/  drama 戏剧, drink 喝, dream 梦想
/ts/  hats 帽子（复数）, gets 得到（三单）, wants 想要（三单）
/dz/  hands 手（复数）, friends 朋友（复数） , kinds 种类（复数）
/m/  man 男人, month 月, home 家
/n/  nice 好的, name 名字, can 能
/ŋ/  king 国王, long 长的, pink 粉色
/j/  yes 是, yellow 黄色, yesterday 昨天
/w/  wait 等待, week 周, where 在哪
/l/  look 看, lock 锁, leaf 叶子
/l/  old 老的, travel 旅行, world 世界

单词的重音概述

一个英语单词，如果只由一个音节组成，就不存在重音或轻音的问题。

如果由两个或两个以上的音节组成，就产生单词重音的问题，念得特别响的音节，就是单词重音所在，也就是 重读音节 ，其他音节 叫非重读音节 。

英语单词里，除了一些复合词外，一般一个词只有一个重读音节，用 ˈ 符号来表示。

单词重读规则

单词重音和次重音：

一般情况下一个单词 只有一个重音 ，其他音节弱读，但是如果多音节词， 有可能除了主重音外，还有次重音。

词的重音除了为句子的语调奠定基础外，还有标明单词词性的词义的功能。后面有详细讲解。

如import一词：

<im>port /ˈimpɔ:t/ n. 进口货物，进口
im<port> /imˈpɔ:t/ v. 进口

record一词：

<re>cord /ˈrekə(r)d/ n. 记录，记载
re<cord> /rɪˈkɔː(r)d/ v. 记录，录音

发音基础

• 音素：元音 辅音
• 单词：音节 重音 失去爆破 浊化 三单 过去式过去分词
• 句子：语调 重音 弱读 连读 缩读
• 段落：意群

什么是浊化？ 浊化是指把清辅音发成与其相对应的浊辅音。

清辅音 --> 浊辅音
/p/   -->  /b/
/t/   -->  /d/
/k/   -->  /g/

辅音/s/ 后面的字母若原本应发 /p/, /t/, /k/ 的音, 则对应地变成发 /b/, /d/, /g/ 的音。

为了偷懒

• 什么是失去爆破？失去爆破指的是爆破音失去爆破。

• 发生条件如下：

  当 前面的单词 以 /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ 这六个 爆破音 中任意一个 结尾 , 而 紧随其后的单词是以辅音开头 的, 这时前面单词的爆破音失去爆破。

• 爆破音怎么读？

  读法是在发音时阻塞气流却不将之释放。

总结一下就是： /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ +辅音 → 失爆

比如：

• goo<d> boy
• ho<t> day
• fa<t> cat  肥猫
• ho<t> dog
• grea<t> book
• toile<t> paper

发音基础

• 音素：元音 辅音
• 单词：音节 重音 失去爆破 浊化 三单 过去式过去分词
• 句子：语调 重音 弱读 连读 缩读

• 段落：意群

  第三人称单数，动词要有一定的变化

• 所有以 清辅音结尾 的动词在变三单时加s, 读作 /s/ 。

  比如： stops, makes, drinks

• 所有以 浊辅音 或者 元音结尾 的动词在变三单时加s, 读作 /z/ 。

  比如： cleans, sings, plays, grows

• 结尾 是 /t/ 音的动词在变三单时, 要将最后的/t/和/s/读成 /ts/ 。

  比如：sits, lifts, gets

• 结尾 是 /d/ 音的动词在变三单时, 要将最后的/d/和/z/读成 /dz/ 。

  比如：reads, holds, nods

• 以 /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/ 结尾的动词在变第三人称单数时此为加es, 读作 /iz/ 。

  比如：fixes, closes, washes, teaches, watches

1. 单词以 清辅音结尾 加-ed读/t/ 。

   比如： stopped, liked, watched, pushed

2. 单词以 浊辅音或元音结尾 加-ed读/d/ 。

   比如：lived, listened, pulled, played

3. 单词以字母 t, d结尾 加-ed读/ɪd/。

   比如：visited, wanted, needed

小结 ：

三单规则、过去式过去分词规则、名词复数规则：

• 清清
• 浊/元 浊

就是为了保持韵律的相同才能让语言说的好听些。

本身具有意义的词     例子

主要动词            buy, get, call
名词&数词           phone, music, Lisa, 600
形容词              heavy, tall, smooth
副词               quickly, quietly, never
否定助动词          aren’t, can’t, don’t

下面的句子应该重读哪些词？

It’s a piece of cake.
It’s a <piece> of <cake>.

What do you do in your spare time?
What do you <do> in your <spare time>?

Do you know the name of this song?
Do you <know> the <name> of this <song>?

但这也只是一般规则，有时候根据表达者想要强调的部分也可以重读结构词。 比如：

"They've been to Thailand, haven't they?"
"No, <THEY> haven't, but <WE> have.

At last, he saw the face under the cloak’s hood.
It <was> her.

结构词（为语法而存在）  例子

代词                  it, she, we
介词                  on, in, under
冠词                  a, an, the
连词                  and, or, but, because
助动词                do, be, have, can

• 升调：表示话还没有说话，等待对方立刻回复，或者不确定自己的观点。

  一般疑问句：Are you ok?

• 降调：表示话说完了，对方不用立刻回复，确定自己的观点。

  陈述句：I am Ali.

• 特殊疑问句：Where are you from?

意群指句子可以按照意思和语法结构分为若干段落，每一个段落就称为一个意群。它是在意思上相对完整，在语法上密切联系，不能再分的一个词组。

一般规则如下：

1.冠词与名词划为同一意群。

There is \(\underline{an\ English\ novel}\) on the bookshelf.

\(\underline{The\ film}\) we saw last night is very interesting.

2.形容词与名词划为一个意群。

Please pass me \(\underline{that\ red-blue\ pencil}\).

I have not \(underlin{enough\ money}\) to buy it.

3.系动词与表语划为一个意群。

How to go there \(\underline{is\ a\ problem}\).

To rise early \(underline{is\ his\ custom}\).

4.介词短语划为一个意群。

There are some tall trees \(\underline{in\ front\ of\ the\ building}\).

Keep him \(\underline{in\ the\ dark\ about\ the\ matter}\).

5.动词不定式短语划为一个意群。

I refused \(\underline{to\ believe\ the\ evil\ rumor}\).

Because he is ill, he feels unable \(\underline{to\ do\ it}\).

6.分词短语化为一个意群。

They lived in a room \(\underline{facing\ the\ south}\).

A letter \(\underline{posted\ today}\) will reach him the day after tomorrow.

7.动名词短语划为一个意群。

\(\underline{Seeing\ him\ happy}\) made me happy too.

Have you finished \(\underline{correcting\ the\ students’\ papers}\)?

8.动词及其主语或宾语划为一个意群。

\(\underline{We\ can\ sing\ a\ song}\) in English.

\(\underline{I\ received\ a\ letter\ from\ him}\) after a long silence.

9.副词与动词放在一起划为一个意群。

He \(\underline{has\ been\ working\ hard}\) since he came here.

Now that you are a big boy, you \(\underline{must\ behave\ better}\).

10.关系词与从句、连词与其后面部分划为一个意群。

We should strike \(\underline{while\ the\ iron\ is\ white\ hot}\).

Take the medicine \(\underline{before\ you\ go\ to\ bed}\).

He said \(\underline{that\ he\ would\ come\ to\ see\ you\ soon}\).

Do you know \(\underline{whose\ pen\ it\ is}\)?

She told a story \(\underline{which\ moved\ us\ deeply}\).

Late in the afternoon, the boys put up their tent in the
middle of a field. As soon as this was done, they cooked a
meal over an open fire. They were all hungry and the food
smelt good. After a wonderful meal, they told stories and
sang songs by the camp fire. But some time later it began
to rain. The boys felt tired so they pet out the fire and crept
into their tent. Their sleeping-bags were warm and
comfortable, so they all slept soundly. In the middle of the
night, two boys woke up and began shouting. The tent was
full of water! They all leapt out of their sleeping-bags and
hurried outside. It was raining heavily and they found that
a stream had formed in the field. The stream wound its way
across the field and then flowed right under their tent!

Late in the afternoon, / the boys put up their tent / in the
middle of a field. As soon as this was done, / they cooked a
meal / over an open fire. They were all hungry / and the
food smelt good. After a wonderful meal, / they told stories
/ and sang songs / by the camp fire. But some time later / it
began to rain. The boys felt tired / so they pet out the fire /
and crept into their tent. Their sleeping-bags were warm /
and comfortable, / so they all slept soundly. In the middle of
the night, / two boys woke up / and began shouting. The
tent was /full of water! They all / leapt out of their sleeping-
bags / and hurried outside. It was raining heavily / and they
found / that a stream had formed in the field. The stream
wound its way / across the field / and then flowed right
under their tent!

发音基础

• 音素：元音 辅音
• 单词：音节 重音 失去爆破 浊化 三单 过去式过去分词
• 句子：语调 重音 弱读 连读 缩读
• 段落：意群

发音问题 =病

绕口令=药

Betty Botter bought some butter,
“But”, she said, “the butter is bitter.
If I put it in my batter,
It will make my batter bitter.
But a bit of better butter
That would make my batter better.”
So she bought a bit of butter,
Better than her bitter butter.
And she put it in her batter,
And the batter was not bitter.
So it was better Betty Botter
Bought a bit of better butter!

• Vicky, the vampire, doesn’t have wavy hair.
• How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
• A woodchuck would chuck all the wood if a woodchuck could chuck wood.

My mother and my
father went through
thick and thin
together.
3333

• 了解英美音发音区别
• 熟读本课所学绕口令
• 参加每日晨读打卡

• 名词 n. (noun)
• 形容词 adj. (adjective)
• 动词 v. (verb)
• 副词 adv. (adverb)
• 数词 num. (numeral)

• Analyze sentences 分析句子结构
• Understand them effectively 高效理解句意
• Construct good sentences 合理组织句子

• 名词是用来表示人、事物、地点以及抽象事物的名称的。

比如：

人：Ali, doctor, uncle
事物：water, table, sun, tree
地点：Beijing, Tokyo, Italy
抽象事物：happiness, hope, love, imagination

句子练习：重读下列句子中的名词。

• This is my \(\textbf{dog}\).
• He lives in my \(\textbf{house}\).
• We live in \(\textbf{London}\).
• \(\textbf{Tara}\) speaks \(\textbf{English}\) well.

核心知识点：

• 专有名词和普通名词
• 可数名词的单复数
• 不可数名词
• 名词所有格

• 简单来说，代词(pronoun)就是代替名词的一种词类。
• 它是能够起代替和指示作用的词，在句中可以用来避免重复。
• 代词既可以代替名词，也能起名词作用的短语或句子。
• 代词根据意思和用法可分细为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、疑问代词、指示代词、连接代词、关系代词、相互代词、不定代词。

• 实义动词
• 系动词（实义动词）
• 助动词
• 情态动词（助动词）

Full verb

Main verb

谓语动词

• 主+谓
• 主+谓+宾
• 主+谓+宾+宾
• 主+谓+宾+宾补
• 主+系+表

五种简单句

• I come. 不及物动词
• I love you. 及物动词
• I give you everything. 双宾动词
• You make me sad. 使役动词
• I feel bad. 系动词

Auxiliary Verb [ɔːɡˈzɪliəri]

助动词 ：从词义角度来看，助动词 不具备词汇意义 ； 从在谓语中作用的角度来看，助动词 不能单独充当句子的谓语，必须和实义动词连用 ，大家可以把它理解 为是一种“ 辅助性 ”的动词，用来帮助构成各种时态，语态，否定，疑问等。

adjective adj.

• 形容词是表示人或事物的属性，特征或状态的词。
• 形容词 修饰名词 ，它的基本用法就是为名词提供更多的信息。
• 一般分为 描述性 形容词和 限定性 形容词。

描述性形容词：

• They are good kids.
• He lives in a fancy house.
• I am thirsty.
• He likes hot coffee.
• The view is very beautiful.

限定性形容词：

• Some words are very hard.
• You may ask me any question.
• He has many good friends.
• Jack has no children.

在一些语法体系中，这一类词不被归入到形容词词性中，而是独立作一种词性——determiner，也就是 限定词 。

adverb adv.

副词是在句子中表示 行为 或 状态特征 的词，用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。

article art.

冠词是用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物的。

英语中的冠词有三个，其中两个是不定冠词a和an，一个是定冠词the。

• El libro 阳性
• La mesa 阴性
• 冠词
• 戴帽子

numeral num.

数词用来表示数目与顺序，有 基数词 和 序数词 之分。

表示数目多少的数词叫基数词。

表示顺序先后的数词叫序数词。

基数词和序数词

基数词  序数词
one     first
two     second
three  third
four     fourth
five     fifth
six  sixth
seven     seventh
eight     eighth
nine  ninth
ten     tenth

基数词     序数词
eleven  eleventh
twelve     twelfth
thirteen     thirteenth
fourteen  fourteenth
fifteen     fifteenth
sixteen     sixteenth
seventeen  seventeenth
eighteen     eighteenth
nineteen     nineteenth
twenty      twentieth

基数词  序数词
thirty     thirtieth
forty     fortieth
fifty  fiftieth
sixty     sixtieth
seventy     seventieth
eighty  eightieth
ninety     ninetieth
hundred     hundredth
thousand  thousandth
million     millionth

preposition prep.

• 介词是表示名词、代词等与句中其他词的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。
• 介词的本质是用于表示对象之间的关系，大多数介词的本义是描述 空间关系 的，在这个基础上引申出时间关系，抽象关系等等。
• 介词一定要有宾语，充当宾语的一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其它词、短语或句子，短语或从句。

conjunction conj.

• 连词是一种虚词，用于连接 单词 、 短语 、 从句 或 句子 。
• 连词在句子中不单独用作句子成分。
• 连词按其性质可分为 并列连词 和 从属连词 。

interjection int.

• 感叹词表示说话时的感情或口气。
• 在句子中不作任何成分，单纯表达情绪。

• 常见的感叹词：

  oh, ouch, phew, hooray, oops, aha, OK, well, wow, hey, ah, dear, uh…

Ø Ah, now I understand. Ø Oh dear! Does it hurt? Ø Hey! What a good idea! Ø OK. I'll tell her. Ø Ouch! That hurts! Ø Uh…I don't know the answer to that. Ø Well, what did he say? Ø Wow! What a cool car!

• 名形动副数
• 代冠介连感

• 句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。不同的句子成分在句中有不同的功用。
• 一个句子一般至少由两部分构成，即 主语部分（陈述的对象） 和 谓语部分（陈述的内容） ，这两部分可以说是句子的主要成分。
• 句子的其他成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语，补语，同位语等。

主   谓    宾
定   状    补

表   同

主 谓   宾

我 看见 你

主 谓 (定) 宾

我看见美丽的你

(状) 主 谓 (定) 宾

今天，我看见美丽的你

(状) 主 谓 (定) 宾 (补)

今天，我看见美丽的你在学习。

(状) 主  (同)  谓 (定) 宾 (补)
今天，我，大力，看见美丽的你在学习。

(状) 主  (同)  谓 (定) 宾 (补)

今天，我，艾力，看见美丽的你在学习。

我是老师。
(表)

(状) 主  (同)  谓 (定) 宾 (补)  (表)

今天，我，艾力，看见美丽的你在学习。我是老师。

Today, I, Ali, see the beautiful you studying.

I am the teacher.

在日常的交流当中，我们会选择不同类别的句子来适当地表达语意。

设想一个场景：早上你的闹钟响了。这时你的心里活动都有哪些呢？

1. 我不想起床。
2. 不要再响了！
3. 我其实可以再睡一会的。
4. 现在几点了？
5. 啊！迟到啦！

这一系列的心里活动当中其实就包含了全部的句子类别：陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、感叹句。

1. 我不想起床。 （陈述句否定式）
2. 不要再响了！（祈使句）
3. 我其实可以再睡一会的。（陈述句肯定式）
4. 现在几点了？（疑问句）
5. 啊！迟到啦！（感叹句）

陈述句用来叙述一个事实或表示说话人的看法，以句号结尾，陈述的句子通常语调都使用降调。

比如：

• Our neighbors are very friendly.
• We are looking for tools.

疑问句是用来提出问题，表达疑惑的，句尾要用问号。

疑问句可分为：

一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。

• 祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等意义的句子。
• 祈使句的主语you通常省略，谓语动词用原形，句末可以用感叹号，也可以用句号。
• 祈使句一般用降调。

• 感叹句是表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子，句尾要用感叹号，朗读时用降调。
• 感叹句往往由what或how引导。
• what用作定语修饰名词，how用作状语修饰形容词，副词或动词。

句子类型

• 陈述句
  • 肯定式
  • 否定式
• 疑问句
  • 一般疑问句
  • 特殊疑问句
• 祈使句
  • 三种形式
• 感叹句
  • what+名词
  • how+形容词

“时态”总体来说就是表示一个动作发生的 时间 和所处的 状态 。

“时”比较好理解，就是这个动作发生的“时间”，比如是将来要发生还是过去发生的。

“态”就是这个动作的“状态”，比如是正在发生的状态，已经完成的状态，还是说动作处于一种常态之下。

进行态是四个状态中最容易理解的一个，用法也相对单一。它表示 某一时刻正在进行的动作 ，就是说这些动作在句中被提及的时候还在发生。

动作的进行态和我们刚刚说的时间搭配起来就组成了：

现在 进行时

过去 进行时

将来 进行时

过去将来 进行时

动作的一般态和不同的时间可组成的时态包括：

• 一般现在时
• 一般过去时
• 一般将来时
• 一般过去将来时

动作的完成态和不同的时间可组成的时态包括：

现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，过去将来完成时

完成时态的构成分为两部分：一部分是 助动词have （没有实际意义），另一部分是 实义动词的过去分词 （动词的五种形式之一）。通常情况下也是在动词的词尾加-ed，部分动词存在不规则变化。

完成时态具体来说就是用助动词have表示动作的“时”，以表示动作发生的时间（现在，过去或将来）；用过去分词来表示动作的“态”，以表明动作已经完成。

以动词learn为例：

现在完成时结构：have/has learned

过去完成时结构：had learned

将来完成时结构：will have learned

简单句是由一个主语加一个谓语构成，也就是一套主谓结构。

如：

Ali is a teacher.

句中只有一个主语Ali，和一个动词is。这就是一个简单句。

再如：

We took a cab to the train station.

句中主语是we，动词是took，是一套主谓结构，所以也是一个简单句。

这一类的句子在英文当中我们叫它 simple sentence ，翻译过来就是“简单句”。

在语法术语上它还有一个名词，叫 independent clause ，可以理解为“ 独立句 ”，这类句子的特点是可以 单独存在 ，并且是一个 意思完整 的句子，句子中至少包含一个主语和一个谓语动词。

问题来了…

为什么我看到的晨读句子都那么那么长？

说好的简单句呢？

答案是…

所有的长句子其实都是五种简单句的组合！！

我们可以把这些组合起来的句子叫做 复合句

并列复合句 Compound Sentences

主从复合句 Complex Sentences

所谓的 并列复合句 也称并列句，就是将两个或两个以上的独立句（independent clause）用 并列连词 连在一起构成的句子。

组成并列复合句的独立句彼此之间 不分主次 ，句中两个或多个独立句之间要 在连词前加逗号 进行连接

两个简单句：

Ali is a teacher. Ali enjoys teaching.

这时根据意思可以把两个句子用一个连词 and 连接起来：

Ali is a teacher, and he enjoys teaching.

（后面句中将Ali用了代词he做了替换，整个句子更通顺流畅。连词and表示句子间的 顺承 关系）

这个句子就是一个并列复合句：将两个简单句用并列连词连接起来，构成一个句子。

并列连词 常用的有四大类

• 顺接
• 转折
• 选择
• 因果

1. of
2. in
3. to
4. for
5. with
6. on
7. at
8. from
9. by
10.about
11. as
12. into
13. like
14. through
15. after
16. over
17. between
18. out
19. against
20. during
21. without
22. before
23. under
24. around
25. among

• Cover of the book. 书的封面

for, after, over, forward to, at, up

back, around/about, out, into, through, as if/though, down upon/on

• He was looking for work as a builder.
• 寻找
• It’s hard work looking after three children all day.
• 照顾
• I had a few minutes before the meeting to look over what he'd written.
• 检查
• I’m looking forward to the holidays.
• 期待 to doing sth

• They looked at the picture and laughed.
• 看
• I am tired of the way they look down on/upon us like we aren't good enough for them.
• 蔑视
• I will look it up the dictionary .
• 查找

• She looked as if/though she hadn't slept all night.
• 看起来像
• She was looking through a magazine as she waited in the doctor's office.
• 浏览
• Police are looking into the disappearance of two children.
• 调查
• Look out! There's a car coming!
• 小心
• When we went to Boston, we only had a couple of hours to look around/about.
• 四处看看
• When I look back I can see where we went wrong.
• 回顾

on, off, away, up, out

into, down, aside, back

• He took off his uniform and put on a sweater and trousers.
• 穿上
• I’ve got to put this cream on twice a day.
• 涂抹
• Shall I put the kettle on?
• 点火
• The match has been put off until tomorrow because of bad weather.
• 推迟
• He put his toys away every night.
• 收起来
• They’re putting up several new office blocks in the center of town.
• 建立
• The shops have started to put up Christmas decorations.
• 装饰

• The rescue services are still trying to put out the fires.
• 扑灭
• Put those heavy bags down for a minute.
• 放下
• I hate the way Dave puts me down the whole time.
• 贬低
• Put down your name and address.
• 写下
• Can you put me down by the library?
• 放下

• Laura put aside her concerns and got on with the job.
• 放一边
• Both sides need to put aside their differences and continue the peace talks.
• 搁置
• Can you put the book back when you’ve finished with it?
• 放回
• I put a lot of work into the speech.
• 投入

at, on, back, in, up, for, off

• The ship called at the port.
• 停靠
• Can you call at the shop on your way home and get some milk?
• 去一下
• The UN has called on both sides to observe the ceasefire.
• 呼吁
• Why don’t you call on my sister when you’re in Brighton?
• 拜访

• I’ll call you back when I’ve heard something.
• 回话
• Rachael called in sick.
• 请假
• She wondered whether to call in on Mark on the way home.
• 顺路拜访

• He called me up to tell me about it.
• 叫起
• Hurst was called up for the game against Mexico.
• 召唤
• Several of the newspapers were calling for his resignation.
• 呼吁
• Skill and initiative are called for in this job.
• 需求
• If we have much more rain, the game might be called off.
• 取消

at, in, for, as, out, on, with,

• She has been working at controlling her temper.
• 致力于
• Successful relationships don’t just happen – you have to work at them.
• 努力
• She works for a big law firm in the city.
• 为谁工作
• She worked as a journalist.
• 做为什么工作

• We need to work out how we’re going to get there. • 解决 • Things worked out pretty well in the end. • 进展 • He works out at the local gym every day. • 锻炼 • All our nursery nurses are qualified to work with children. • 和谁打交道 • Don’t worry about that, I’m working on it. • 处理

up, on, off, back, away, down, into

over, out, out of, to, in, through

• We didn’t get up until lunchtime.
• 起床
• We got on the train at Lime Street station.
• 乘坐
• Be quiet and get on with your work!
• 继续
• How is George getting on at school?
• 进展
• I think you two would get on well.
• 相处
• I can’t get my boots on!
• 穿上

• Get off the grass right now!
• 离开
• Get your dog off me!
• What time do you get off work?
• 下班
• I’ll try to come, but I’m not sure I’ll be able to get that week off.
• 请假
• Why don’t you get those wet clothes off?
• 脱掉
• Her lawyers were confident that they could get her off.
• 逃脱

• I’ll talk to you when I get back.
• Let’s get back to the main point of the discussion.
• Do you think they’ll get back together?
• Did you get your books back?
• 回来
• The dog got away from me in the park.
• He said he’d meet me for lunch if he could get away.
• On days like today, I just want to get away from it all.
• We’re hoping to get away to Scotland for a few days.
• 逃脱

• Doing the same thing every day can get you down.
• 使…低落
• It’s important to get things down on paper.
• 记录下来
• Incoming fire! Get down!
• 趴下
• The door was locked and we couldn’t get into the house.
• 进入
• She’s really getting into the Internet.
• 痴迷
• She got into one of the top universities in the country.
• 进入
• I don’t want to get into an argument with him.
• 深入

• The teacher screamed at him to get out.
• 出去
• She got out her violin and started to play.
• 取出
• I washed the shirt twice, but I couldn’t get the stain out.
• 洗掉
• I wanted to tell him I loved him, but couldn’t get the words out.
• 说出
• He was determined to get out of prison.
• 出去
• I said I’d meet him, but now I want to get out of it.
• 摆脱
• I was determined to get the truth out of her.
• 整出….

• After a while his teasing started to get to me.
• 整烦
• Where has Nick got to?
• 整到
• The theatre was already full, and we couldn’t get in.
• 进入
• What time does the bus get in?
• 来

• We’ve got a lot of work to get through.
• 搞定
• I just have to get through the first five minutes of my speech, and then I’ll be fine.
• 挺过
• I finally managed to get through my driving test.
• 通过
• It’s taken me ages to get over the flu.
• 克服 战胜
• Don is pretty upset, but he’ll get over it.
• I don’t know how we’re going to get over this problem.

on, out, for, out for

• Meg was trying on some red sandals.
• 试穿
• I’m trying out a new computer.
• 尝试
• Why don’t you try your Italian out on Francesca?
• My father encouraged me to try for a place at Oxford.
• Rita’s trying out for the school play again.

back, up, away, away for, down, for, off

• If you’re not completely satisfied with the goods, send them back for a full refund.
• 邮寄回
• The oil shortage is bound to send prices up.
• 促进
• His friend was sent away by the security guards.
• 送走
• For more information, send away for our free booklet.
• 邮购
• He was sent down for possession of cocaine.
• 入刑
• I think we should send for a doctor.
• 请
• I sent off the letter this morning.
• 送出

of, about, over, up, out, ahead

• Can you think of any other way to do it?
• 想到
• I can’t think of the name of the hotel we stayed in.
• 想起
• He’s always thinking of other people.
• 考虑到
• I had never thought of becoming an actor.
• 想过
• I've often thought about starting my own business.
• 考虑

• I’ve been thinking over your suggestion.
• 反复思考
• Why don’t you think it over and give me a call in a couple of days?
• 再想想
• She was trying to think up an excuse.
• 编造
• Think it out properly before you make a decision.
• 深思
• She had thought out what she was going to say.
• 想好
• We’re thinking ahead to the next meeting.
• 提前考虑

up, out, at

• The phone rang and I picked it up.
• 接电话
• Carol picked herself up and brushed the dirt off her coat.
• 站起来
• Will you pick me up after the party?
• 接某人
• I picked up a few words of Greek when I was there last year.
• 学会
• I picked up a faint smell of coffee.
• 闻出
• We’ll meet again in the morning and we can pick up where we left off.
• 说回

• Have you picked out a dress for the party?
• 挑好
• I picked out Valerie’s voice from among the general conversation.
• 认出
• The yellow coat makes her easier to pick out in a crowd.
• Penny could only pick at her meal, forcing down a mouthful or two.
• 少量的吃

int, down, out, up, back, across

• What shall I do?’ Patrick cut in again.
• 插入
• She cut in on a red Ford, forcing the driver to brake heavily.
• 变道
• By getting the design right, you can cut down on accidents.
• 减少
• The doctor advised him to cut down his working hours.
• 降低
• Cut down on fatty foods if you want to lose weight.

• I’ve cut out chocolate completely.
• 切断
• The idea behind these forms is to cut out fraud.
• 消灭
• Will you cut it out – I’m trying to sleep here!
• 闭嘴
• Could you cut the pizza up, please?
• 切好
• Some idiot cut me up on the motorway.
• 阻断

in, down, out, up

• Thieves broke in and stole £10,000 worth of computer equipment.
• 闯入
• Dad would occasionally break in with an amusing comment.
• 打断
• The printing machines are always breaking down.
• 坏掉
• I left London when my marriage broke down.
• Police had to break down the door to get into the flat.
• 破坏
• Food is broken down in the stomach.
• 分解

• I was still living in London when the war broke out.
• 爆发
• Does everyone know what to do if a fire breaks out?
• 起火
• Three men have broken out of a top-security jail.
• 越狱
• Break the chocolate up into squares.
• 弄碎
• The couple broke up last year.
• 分手
• Three policemen were needed to break up the fight.
• 拆开

about, along, ahead, against, away, back, by, down, for

up, in, into, off, on, out, over, through

• I want to learn German but I don’t know the best way to go about it.
• 着手做，处理
• There were no further reports of violence in the town, and most people went about their daily activities as usual.
• 从事，进行（日常的活动）
• I might go along to the party later.
• 出席，去
• Things were going along fairly well.
• 进展

• They’ve decided to go ahead with plans to build 50 new houses on the site.
• 着手做…，开始…
• You go ahead and we’ll wait here for Sally.
• 先走，走前面
• "Could I ask you a rather personal question?" "Sure, go ahead.”
• 给予允许
• Building a road here would go against the wishes of the local community.
• 违背（信念、意愿等）
• The president will resign if the vote goes against him.
• 对…不利
• Go away and leave me alone!
• 离开，走开
• Why don't you and I go away this weekend?
• 出去度假

• I felt so sick I just wanted to go back to bed.
• 回去
• The building goes back to Roman times.
• 追溯到…
• Last month went by so fast.
• (时间) 流逝
• If they prove that I was wrong, then I'll go by what they say.
• 遵循，遵照

• His income went down last year.
• 下降，下跌
• The ship went down off the coast of Africa.
• （船、飞机、太阳等）下沉，下落
• I went down on my knees and prayed for guidance.
• 向下（跪下，趴下…)

• Train fares have gone up.
• 上升，上涨
• It was a lovely place before all these new houses went up.
• （建筑物等）被兴建，被建起
• He had left the gas on and the whole kitchen went up.
• 爆炸，燃烧
• A great cheer went up from the audience.
• （喊声或欢呼声）响起

• I think I’ll go for the steak. What are you having?
• 选择
• There were 200 people going for just three jobs.
• Go for it!
• 努力获取
• I don’t really go for horror films.
• 喜欢，倾向

• The sun went in, and the breeze became cold.
• (太阳、月亮)被云遮蔽
• I looked through the window, but I didn't actually go in.
• 进去
• My son's planning to go into journalism.
• 从事（某工作或职业）
• Is there a lot of effort and money going into this sort of research?
• （时间、精力或钱）用在…
• It was a private conversation and I don't want to go into details about what was said.
• 描述，解释

• Are you going out tonight?
• 外出（娱乐、交际…）
• They’ve been going out for two years now.
• 与…交往
• Suddenly the candle went out.
• 熄灭
• The magazine goes out to all members at the end of the month.
• 被宣布，发表，传播
• He went out in the first round.
• 出局，被淘汰
• Hats like that went out years ago.
• 过时

• I’ve set the alarm clock to go off at 7 am.
• （闹钟、报警器等）响
• The central heating goes off at 9 o’clock.
• 停止运转
• The milk’s gone off.
• 变质

• He went on working until he was 91.
• 继续做，持续做
• I don’t know what’s going on.
• 发生
• Alan retired from golf in 1969 and went on to become a successful broadcaster.
• 进而，接着
• Go on, it's fun.
• 赶紧，来吧（劝说或鼓励别人）
• The heat goes on automatically at 6 o’clock.
• （设备）开始运转，工作

• Could you go over this report and correct any mistakes?
• 仔细检查
• I had gone over and over what happened in my mind.
• 认真思考

• He’s going through a divorce at the moment.
• 经历，经受（尤指苦难或艰难时期）
• Someone had broken into the office and gone through all the drawers.
• 翻阅，翻找
• He’d gone through all his money by the end of the first week of his holiday.
• 用光，花光

across, along, at, back, down, from, in

up with, into, on, out, over, up

• I came across a word I’d never seen before.
• 偶然发现，偶然遇见
• What comes across in his later poetry is a great sense of sadness.
• 使产生…印象
• Take any job opportunity that comes along.
• 出现，到来
• We’re going into town – do you want to come along?
• 一起来
• Come along! Don’t give up yet!
• 鼓励别人（=come on）

• A stranger came at him with a knife.
• 扑向，逼近
• We decided to come back to Scotland for another holiday.
• 回来
• I'm glad hats are coming back.
• 重新流行
• As I walked the city streets, the memories came flooding back.
• 回忆起

• The snow came down during the night.
• 落下，降下
• House prices have come down recently.
• 下降，降低
• I come from London originally.
• 来自
• Most of her problems come from expecting too much of people.
• 源于

• Do you want to come in for a cup of tea?
• 进来
• Reports are coming in of a major air accident.
• 收到（信息、报告、电话等）
• We haven’t got enough money coming in.
• 收入
• What time does his train come in?
• 到达
• It was just when geography was really beginning to change and lots of new ideas were coming in.
• (新的观点、时装或产品)流行起来

• We’ve recorded a new album, and it’s coming out in the spring.
• 出版，发行
• The truth is beginning to come out about what happened.
• (事实)暴露，披露
• The sky cleared and the sun came out.
• (太阳、月亮或星星)出现
• We scrubbed the carpet with soap but the stains still wouldn’t come out.
• 被弄掉，除掉
• I’ve made a cake, but it hasn’t come out very well.
• 结果是…
• That summer, I decided to come out to my parents.
• 公开同性身份

• Is your family coming over from Greece for the wedding?
• 过来
• Do you want to come over on Friday evening?
• 来访
• A wave of sleepiness/anger came over me.
• (某种感觉)影响，支配

• Strangers come up to him in the street and say how much they enjoy his books.
• 走近，走到跟前
• The subject of salaries didn’t come up.
• 被提及，被讨论
• She’s hoping a vacancy will come up at the local college.
• (职位)出现空缺
• I’m going to have to cancel our lunch – something’s come up.
• 突然发生
• With Christmas coming up, few people have much money to spare.
• 即将到来

• Is that the best excuse you can come up with?
• 想出，提出
• We wanted to buy the house but we couldn’t come up with the cash.
• 设法拿出(所需钱款)

for, into, of, off, off with, out, up

• Everyone made for the exit as soon as the show was over.
• 走向，朝…前进
• A happy parent makes for a happy child.
• 导致，造成，促成
• They've made the spare room into an office.
• The story was made into a film two years ago.
• 把…转变为，使成为

• What do you make of this news?
• He's a strange guy. I don't know quite what to make of him.
• 理解，看待
• The kids made off when they heard us coming.
• They broke free and made off in a stolen car.
• 匆忙离开，逃走
• Masked robbers broke in and made off with $8,000.
• 偷走，拿走

• I can just make a few words out on this page.
• （勉强地）辨认出，看出，听出
• I couldn’t make out what I had done to annoy her.
• 理解，弄清楚
• We made out a case for hiring another assistant.
• 证实

• Oxygen makes up roughly 20% of the atmosphere.
• 组成，构成
• I think they’re making the whole thing up.
• 编造，虚构
• Nick made up a song about them.
• 创作
• She spent too much time making herself up.
• 化妆
• I’m trying to make up the time I lost while I was sick.
• 补足
• Have you made up with Patty yet?
• 和解，和好

against, around, away, back, down, into, off

up, off, on, out, over, to

• Many people had turned against the war.
• 反对，反感
• The girl's natural father claimed that her stepfather was turning her against him.
• 与…反目
• Bill turned the truck around, and started back for Dallas.
• 调转方向
• Turning the company around won't be easy.
• 复苏，好转
• Let’s turn the whole idea around and look at it from another angle.
• 改变(问题、句子或想法的)表达方式
• You can’t just turn around and say that it was all my fault.
• （尤指为指责别人或捍卫自己）话锋突转

• Hard times are forcing community colleges to turn away students.
• 拒绝…进入
• Bad weather forced them to turn back.
• 返回，折返
• We’ve promised to help, and there’s no turning back.
• 无法改变计划
• Can you turn the TV down? I’m trying to work.
• 关小，调低
• They offered her the job but she turned it down.
• 拒绝

• A few weeks later, winter had turned into spring.
• Our holiday turned into a nightmare.
• 变成，转变
• Don’t forget to turn the lights off when you leave.
• 关上，关掉
• I think we should have turned off at the last exit.
• 驶离
• What turns teenagers off science and technology?
• 使丧失兴趣

• Jake turned on his computer and checked his mail.
• 打开，接通
• Science fiction just doesn’t turn me on.
• 使产生兴趣

• It was a difficult time, but eventually things turned out all right.
• 结果是…
• Don’t forget to turn out the lights when you go!
• 关掉，熄灭
• About 70% of the population turned out for the election.
• 参加，出席
• If you can’t pay the rent, they turn you out.
• 赶走，逐出

• You may turn over your exam papers now.
• 翻转
• Ann turned over in her bed once more.
• 翻身
• I would, indeed, turn the evidence over to the police.
• 移交
• I don’t know who to turn to.
• 求助于
• Many people here are turning to solar power.
• 开始做/用…

• Turn the oven up to 220.
• 开大，调高
• Steve turned up late, as usual.
• Don’t worry, I’m sure a job will turn up soon.
• 出现，到来
• The police investigation hasn’t turned up any new evidence.
• 找出，发现

away, back, behind, by, in, off, out

• Economic growth will drop back to 3% this year.
• 减少
• Alex dropped back to let me pass.
• 退后
• Ellen dropped behind to tie her shoelace.
• 落后，退后
• Why don’t you drop by for coffee some time?(=drop in)
• On the way back, we dropped in on my parents.
• 顺道拜访

• She kept dropping off at her desk.
• 打瞌睡，睡着
• I’ll drop you off on my way home.
• 中途放下
• The number of graduates going into teaching has dropped off sharply.
• 减少
• Bill dropped out of college after his first year.
• 退学，退出
• He decided to drop out and spend his life travelling.
• 拒绝接受传统规范，摈弃社会习俗

at, away, from, back, off, up, down, out of

• I know it’s hard, but keep at it! Don’t give up!
• 坚持，继续做
• You should keep away from fried foods.
• 远离
• These worries kept her from sleeping properly.
• 阻止，不让发生
• I got the feeling he was keeping something back.
• 隐瞒，保密
• We'll need to keep back some of the budget for travel later in the year.
• 保留，留存

• Keep the flies off the food.
• Dogs must be kept off the beach.
• (使)不接近
• Keep up the good work.
• 继续做
• He had to hurry to keep up with her.
• 不落后（于…）
• Penny tended to work through her lunch hour in an effort to keep up with her work.
• 跟上
• She did not bother to keep up with the news.
• 了解

• We need to keep costs down.
• 使（数目、大小、数量等）保持在低水平
• Plantation owners kept slaves down by refusing them an education.
• 压制，镇压
• I tried to give her something to drink but she couldn't keep it down.
• 不使（食物或饮料）吐出
• Cars should be kept out of the city center.
• 不进入

with, to, on

• I am inclined to agree with Alan.
• 同意…的观点
• You look well - the mountain air must agree with you.
• （情况、环境等）适合…，对…有益
• Your account of the accident does not agree with hers.
• 与…一致
• She agreed to sell him the house.
• 同意做…
• We couldn't agree on what to buy.
• 通过协商而取得一致意见或达成协议

about, apart, behind, down, for, in, in with

into, off, on/up on, out, over, through, to

• Dan fell about and slapped his thighs.
• 捧腹大笑
• I’ve read this book so often it’s falling apart.
• 散架，垮掉
• His promising career began to fall apart.
• 崩溃，瓦解
• Their marriage finally fell apart.
• 破裂，破碎

• After five miles Tara was tired and started to fall behind.
• 落后
• My daughter is falling behind with her school work.
• 跟不上
• We started to fall behind with the rent.
• 不能按时交付/完成
• I fell down and hurt my knee.
• 摔倒，跌倒
• The bridge is falling down and will need a million dollars to repair it.
• 倒塌
• The local authority is falling down on the job of keeping the streets clean.
• 失败

• He is too smart to fall for that trick.
• 受骗
• He fell for Rose when he was in hospital and she was his nurse.
• 爱上，迷恋
• During the hurricane the roof fell in.
• 塌陷
• She's afraid she's going to be hurt and that she'll never fall in love again.
• 坠入爱河
• She fell in with a group of troublemakers.
• 交友

• All passengers aboard fell into the river.
• 落入
• She fell into modelling quite by accident.
• 偶然开始做…
• Sales always fall off in the winter months.
• 降低
• A button had fallen off her jacket.
• （从结合处）脱落，掉落
• The burden of caring for elderly parents often falls on/upon women.
• 由…承担
• His eyes fell on her bag. ‘Are you going somewhere?’
• 落到

• Have you two fallen out?
• 闹翻，失和
• The drugs made her hair fall out.
• （头发、牙齿等）脱落，掉落
• Tommy fell over and cut his knee badly.
• 摔倒，跌倒
• She fell over the dog and broke her front teeth.
• 被…绊倒
• The studio planned to make a movie of the book but the deal fell through.
• 没有落实，没有达成（常搭配deal, plan, project, sale）
• It fell to me to give her the bad news.
• （责任、机会等）落到…头上

about, against, apart, aside, back, down, in

off, on, out, to, up

• How do senior managers set about making these decisions?
• 开始，下手
• This season’s results have been disappointing set against last year’s.
• 把…和…作比较
• The bitter civil war set brother against brother.
• 使…与…对立
• Gary’s natural athleticism set her apart from other tennis players.
• 使与众不同，使突出
• Have you set aside some money for your child’s education?
• 留作…之用
• They agreed to set aside their differences and work together for peace.
• 丢开，不理会

• The spending cuts have set the research project back several years.
• 使推迟，耽误
• Jim’s new car must have set him back £30,000.
• 使花费，破费
• She set all these events down in her diary.
• 把…写下来
• Clear guidelines have been set down for teachers.
• 制定，规定
• Winter seems to be setting in early this year.
• 开始，到来（多指不好的事情）

• I’ll set off early to avoid the traffic.
• 动身，出发，启程
• Hong Kong’s stock market fell, setting off a global financial crisis.
• 引发，触发
• Any movement could have set off the bomb.
• 引爆
• Blue suits you, sets off the color of your hair.
• 衬托，显得更漂亮
• The smallest thing sets him off, and he can't stop talking about his childhood.
• 使…滔滔不绝，回忆起…

• The farmer threatened to set his dogs on us.
• 使…攻击
• After a three-day rest, the travelers set out again.
• 出发，启程
• He has achieved what he set out to do three years ago.
• 开始，着手
• He set out the reasons for his decision in his report.
• 阐述，说明
• The market traders began setting out their displays.
• 安排，摆放
• If we all set to, we’ll finish the job in half an hour.
• 认真开始做…

• They want to set up their own import–export business.
• 创建，建立
• I’ll set up a meeting for Thursday.
• 安排，设置
• The next band was already setting up on the other stage.
• 装配，调试，安装
• She claims she’s innocent and someone set her up.
• 陷害，诬陷
• A good breakfast will set you up for the day.
• 使振奋
• I think we should set Ryan up with my cousin.
• 撮合…，介绍…

after, apart, aside, away, from, back, down, for, in

off, on, out, over, up, up on, up, with

• In looks she takes after her father.
• 与…相像
• My watch stopped, so I took it apart.
• 拆开，拆卸
• They will take that problem apart and analyze it in great detail.
• 仔细分析，剖析
• I was immediately taken aside by the manager.
• 拉到一边，叫走

• He wants to know who have take away his dictionary.
• 拿走
• If you take four away from ten, that leaves six.
• 从…中减去
• Two men claiming to be police officers called at the Jim’s house and took him away.
• 带走，抓走
• 'It's starting to rain again.' — 'Not enough to take away from the charm of the scene.’
• 减损

• If you don’t like the scarf, I can take it back.
• 退回，退还
• I didn’t mean what I said – I take it back.
• 收回，撤回
• This song always takes me back to my childhood.
• 使回忆起
• She made us take down all the posters.
• 取下，拿下
• Early in the morning they took down the tents.
• 拆掉
• Can I just take some details down?
• 写下，记录

• She looks so young I took her for your sister.
• 当作，认错
• Don’t be taken in by products claiming to help you lose weight in aweek.
• 欺骗，使上当
• Fish take in oxygen through their gills.
• 让…进入
• Brett’s always taking in stray animals.
• 收留，收容
• I’m not sure how much of his explanation she took in.
• 理解，领会
• They continued a few miles further to take in Hinton House.
• 参观，欣赏

• I’d better take my shoes off.
• 脱下，脱掉
• The plane should take off on time.
• (飞机)起飞
• Her business has really taken off.
• 腾飞，成功
• As soon as she saw George arrive, she just took off.
• (突然)离开，走开
• We haven’t taken any time off since last summer.
• 请假，休假
• Mike can take off his father to perfection.
• 模仿，学

• We’re taking on 50 new staff this year.
• 雇用，录用
• Don’t take on too much work – the extra cash isn’t worth it.
• 承担，接受
• His life had taken on a new dimension.
• 呈现，显出
• This evening Manchester United take on Barcelona.
• 与…较量
• We stopped to take on fuel.
• 上（客），补充（燃料），装（货）

• Henry took out his wallet.
• 取出
• How many teeth did the dentist take out?
• 拔掉，去掉
• She’s taking her parents out for dinner.
• 带…出去
• IBM is taking over the smaller company.
• 接管，接收
• His widow has taken over the running of his empire, including

-ix London theatres.

• 接任，接手

• Did the children take to him?
• 喜欢上，喜爱
• Recently he’s taken to wearing a cap.
• 养成(做…)的习惯
• Roger took painting up for a while, but soon lost interest.
• 开始从事，喜欢上
• I’ll try not to take up too much of your time.
• 占用，花费
• She fell silent, and her brother took up the story.
• 继续
• One of our greatest athletes has taken up a new challenge.
• 接受，答应

• I'll take you up on your generous offer.
• 同意，接受
• I don’t want you to take up with the wrong crowd.
• 和…混在一起
• His mind was wholly taken up with the question.
• 忙于

away, back, in, off, out, over, over to, on, up

• I gave most of my books away when I left college.
• We have 1,000 smartphones to give away to our readers.
• 送出，赠送
• She would give nothing away.
• 泄露（秘密）
• The company had to give back all the money customers had paid.
• 归还，退还
• Eventually I gave in and accepted the job on their terms.
• 让步，屈从
• The rebels were forced to give in.
• 投降，认输

• The wood gave off a sweet, perfumed smell as it burned.
• 释放，放出
• Can you give the drinks out, please?
• 分发，散发
• After two hours her patience gave out.
• 用尽
• All machines give out eventually.
• 停止运转
• A gas lamp gave out a pale yellowish light.
• 发出（光、热等）
• He wouldn't give out any information.
• 公开，宣布

• Give over making that noise!
• 停止，住手
• The major part of the garden was given over to growing vegetables.
• 专门用于
• Why don’t you give up smoking?
• 戒除，停止
• You shouldn’t give up so easily.
• 放弃，认输
• In the end, his family gave him up to the police.
• 投案，自首
• They agreed to give half their office up to the temporary staff.
• 把…让给

about, along, aroud/round, down, forward, in

off, on, out, over, up

• A huge amount of environmental damage has been brought about by the destruction of the rainforests.
• 导致，引起
• You’re welcome to bring along a friend.
• 把…带来
• Sam was sure he could bring them around/round to the deal.
• 改变…的观点，说服
• I'd passed out and he'd brought me around/round.
• 恢复知觉

• Please bring back my notebook from the classroom.
• 带回
• Do these stories bring back any memories?
• 使记起，使想起
• He wants to bring back the glamour of the old Hollywood films.
• 恢复，使…再度流行
• Our principal responsibility is to bring down the level of unemployment.
• 降低，减少
• Opposition parties are threatening to bring down the government.
• 使（政府）垮台
• Strong winds brought down power lines across the region.
• 使倒下

• The match has been brought forward to 1.00 pm.
• 使…提前
• The government has brought forward new proposals to tackle the problem of increasing crime.
• 提出（观点），提交（议案）
• Overseas students bring in more than £30 million a year in tuition fees.
• 赚取
• The government would bring in the necessary legislation to deal

-ith the problem.

• 推行，采用
• The firm decided to bring in a new management team.
• 请来，引入

• If they can bring off the deal, they’ll be able to retire.
• 成功完成
• She nearly died of a heart attack brought on by fear.
• 引起，导致
• The next year they brought out a low-priced car to compete with Ford.
• 推出，生产（新产品）
• There’s something about her that brings out the worst in me.
• 使…显现，激发
• I’ll bring my holiday photos over when I come.
• 带来

• She brought up three sons on her own.
• 养育，抚养
• I hate to bring this up but you still owe me £50.
• 谈及，提起
• I had a sandwich for lunch and promptly brought it up again.
• 呕吐

aside, away, back, in, off, out, up

• All her plans to go to university have been thrown aside.
• 把 … 扔到一边，放弃
• I threw away all the broken toys.
• 扔掉
• This could be the best chance you’ll ever have. Don’t throw it away!
• 浪费，错过
• I should never have told you that. I knew you'd throw it back at me.
• 翻旧账
• Buy a computer now and get a free printer thrown in!
• 免费赠送，额外奉送
• I just threw in a few comments occasionally.
• 无意中说，随口说

• They threw off their clothes and dived in.
• (迅速)脱掉
• I can’t throw off this feeling of sadness.
• 摆脱，抛掉
• I’ve thrown out my old boots.
• 扔掉，丢掉
• She threw him out of the house.
• 赶走，撵走
• The idea was thrown out by the committee.
• 不接受，不受理

• I feel terrible – I’ve been throwing up all night!
• 呕吐
• This system has thrown up a few problems.
• 产生，激起
• The car wheels threw up a shower of stones.
• 扬起，溅起
• New houses were hastily thrown up by developers.
• 匆匆建起

Time时间类

• season季节
• mouth月份
• week星期
• day天

century 世纪    year 年    season 季节

mouth 月       week 周     day 天

hour 小时      minute 分钟  second 秒

Seasons 季节

• spring 春
• summer 夏
• autumn/fall秋
• winter 冬

Months 月份

Months of the year

January 一月    July 七月

February 二月   August 八月

March 三月      September 九月

April 四月      October 十月

May 五月        November 十一月

June 六月       December 二十月

• 月份缩写

1 January    Jan.
2 February   Feb.
3 March      Mar.
4 April      Apr.
5 May        May
6 June       Jun.
7 July       Jul.
8 August     Aug.
9 September  Sep.
10 October   Oct.
11 November  Nov.
12 December  Dec.

Weeks 星期

Days 天

• morning 上午
• noon 中午
• afternoon 下午
• evening 晚上
• night 夜晚

Holidays 节日

• New Year 新年
• Chiness New Year/ Spring Festival 春节
• Lantern Festival 元宵节
• Mothers' Day 母亲节
• Labor Day 劳动节
• Children's Day 儿童节
• Dragon Boat Festival 端午节
• Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋节
• National Day 国庆节
• Halloween 万圣节
• Thanksgiving 感恩节
• Christmas 圣诞节

Fruit 水果

Vegetables 蔬菜

Food and Drinks

School 学校类

• Subjects 学科
• School Supplies 用具
• Places 地点
• Activities 活动

Subjects 学科

School Supplies 学校用品

Places in Scholl 地点

Transportation 交通工具

Places 地点

Nature 自然

Animals 动物

• ppearance 外表
• Personalities 性格
• Emotions and Feelings 情绪和感受

What is he like?

He is …..

Appearance 外表

tall 高的,  short 矮的
fat 胖的,  thin 瘦的
old 年老的, young 年轻的
beautiful/pretty 漂亮的, ugly 丑的
healthy 健康的, ill/sick 生病的
strong 强壮的, weak 虚弱的

Personalities 性格

outgoing 开朗的, shy 害羞的
polite 礼貌的, rude 粗鲁的
hard-working 勤奋的, lazy 懒惰的
talkative/loud 爱说话的/大声的, quiet 安静的
kind/friendly 和善的/友好的, mean/unfriendly 刻薄的/不友好的
honest 诚实的, dishonest 不诚实的
careful 仔细的, careless 粗心的

Emotions and Feelings 情绪和感受

happy/glad 高兴的, unhappy/sad 不高兴的/伤心的
hungry/thirsty 饿的/渴的, full 饱的
brave 勇敢的, afraid 害怕的
busy 忙的, free 空闲的
relaxed 放松的, worried 忧虑的
interested/excited 感兴趣的/兴奋的, bored 无聊的

lively 生气勃勃的, tired 疲倦的
calm 冷静的, nervous/mad 紧张的/气愤的
lucky 幸运的, unlucky 不幸的
comfortable 舒服的, uncomfortable 不舒服的
hopeful 满怀希望的, hopeless 绝望的
right 对的, wrong 错的

How are you feeling today?

What is the weather like?

It is …..

spring     summer
warm 暖和的, hot 热的
clear 晴朗的, wet 潮湿的
colorful 多彩的, humid 湿润的
breezy 微风徐徐的, bright 明亮的，明媚的
lovely 令人愉快的, nice 美好的

autumn/fall   winter
cool 凉爽的, cold 冷的
gold 金黄的, dry 干燥的
mild 温和的, chilly 寒冷的
vivid （颜色）鲜艳的, frosty 严寒的，结霜的
late 末尾的（深秋）, early 早期的（初冬）

What is the food like?

It is …..

sweet 甜的, salty 咸的
sour 酸的, spicy 辣的
bitter 苦的, juicy 多汁的
rich 油腻的, creamy 奶油般柔滑的
crisp/crispy 脆的, soft 软的

yummy 好吃的, delicious 美味的
tasty 可口的, fresh 新鲜的
stale 不新鲜的, horrible 糟糕的
awful 糟透的, special 特别的
traditional 传统的, famous 著名的

What is your pet like?

It is …..

PETS

large 大的
small/little 小的
cute 可爱的
furry 毛茸茸的
clever 聪明的
silly 笨笨的
funny 好玩的
loyal 忠诚的
clean 干净的
dirty 脏的

Directions

pleasant
wonderful
amazing
awesome
enjoyable
incredible
fantastic
excellent
非常好的 很棒的 愉悦的...

• They live in a beautiful house.
• Lisa is wearing a sleeveless shirt today.
• This soup is not edible.
• She wore a beautiful dress.
• He writes meaningless letters.
• This shop is much nicer.
• She wore a beautiful dress.
• Ben is an adorable baby.
• Linda’s hair is gorgeous.
• This glass is breakable.
• I met a homeless person in NY.

• 英语形容词排列顺序
• 大小、长短、形状+年龄、新旧+颜色+国籍、出处+材料+用途、类别
• 一件漂亮的中式新的短装红羊毛外套
• A beautiful short new red Chinese woollen coat.

• I love that really big old green antique car that is always parked at the end of the street. [quality – size – age – color – qualifier]
• My sister has a beautiful big white bulldog. [quality – size – color]
• A wonderful old Italian clock. [opinion – age – origin]
• A big square blue box. [size – shape – color]
• A disgusting pink plastic ornament. [opinion – color – material]
• Some new slim French trousers. [age – shape – origin]
• My small new red sleeping bag. [size – age – color – purpose]
• I bought a pair of black leather shoes. [color – material]

• This house is bigger than that one.
• This flower is more beautiful than that.
• He is taller than Mr. Hu.
• He is more intelligent than this boy.
• Jonathan is the most handsome man on campus.
• This is the prettiest dress in the window.
• I lost my most comfortable shoes.
• My job is worse than yours.

• This is a four-foot table.
• Daniel is a part-time worker.
• This is an all-too-common error.
• Beware of the green-eyed monster.
• He is a cold-blooded man.
• We saw a man-eating shark!
• Danny’s dog is well-behaved.
• You have to be open-minded about things.

• Susan is really clever.
• The doctor is very late.
• My sister is fond of animals.
• I am happy to meet you.
• The kids are ready to go.
• Don’t be afraid of the dark.
• Tony lost his dark brown briefcase.
• He’s an extraordinary looking man.

回顾：

• 什么是连词？
• 连词是一种虚词，用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子。在句子中不单独用作句子成分。
• 连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。

Subordinating Conjunctions 并列连词

• 并列连词主要是用来表示并列关系、转折关系、选择关系等。并列连词用来连接属于同一层次并具有相同句法功能的词、短语或句子。由并列连词连接的句子叫并列句。
• 并列连词共有七个FANBOYS ：
• for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

Coordinating Conjunctions 并列连词

• for 因为，由于
• I eat at the café every weekend, for they serve the best coffee in town. Because
• He had a great desire to have a home of his own, for he had always lived with his grandmother.

• and 和，而且，然后… Furthermore
• When he returned, she and Simon had already gone.
• The cure for bad teaching is good teachers, and good teachers cost money.

• nor 也不 neither nor…既不也不 either or….二选一
• She seemed neither surprised nor worried.
• My mom was not happy, nor was she upset. She didn’t care.

• but 但是，可是 however
• I want to go to the movies, but Sarah wants to go out to eat.
• Please excuse me, but there is something I must say.

• or 或者
• Is your sister older or younger than you?
• We can go to the movies or we can go out to eat.

• yet 然而
• It's a small car, yet it's surprisingly spacious.
• It is good, yet it could be improved.

• so 所以
• I have to wake up early, so I don’t stay out late.
• John is struggling in his math class, so he hired a tutor.

Subordinating Conjunctions 从属连词

• 从属连词 是连词的一种，用来引导 名词性从句 和 状语从句 。
• 由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句，而含有从句的句子叫作 复合句 。

引导时间状语从句的连词

• when 当…时

  I loved history when I was at school.

  When I met the Gills, I had been gardening for nearly ten years.

• while 在…期间

  While you were at school, the mailman delivered a package.

  Three buses went by in the opposite direction, while I was waiting at the bus stop.

• since 自…以来

  Cathy hasn't phoned since she went to Berlin.

  It's twenty years since I've seen her.

• until/till 直到…为止

  You're not going out until you've finished this.

  He read until his guests arrived.

• before 在…以前

  Think carefully before you vote.

  Before I went to church, I had a hair appointment.

• after 在…之后

  Soon after we set off, the car started to make a strange noise.

  I went to the post office immediately after I left you.

• as 随着，当…时

  As she grew older she gained in confidence.

  I saw him as I was coming into the building.

• as soon as 立刻，一…就…

  As soon as I saw her, I knew there was something wrong.

  He got married as soon as he graduated.

• whenever 无论何时；每当

  You can ask for help whenever you need it.

  Whenever she comes, she brings a friend.

引导条件状语从句的连词

• if 如果

  I'll pay you double if you get the work finished by Friday.

  If anyone calls, just say I'll be back in the office at four o'clock.

  主将从现

  If you love me, I will love you

• unless 除非

  You can't get a job unless you have experience.

  They threatened to kill him unless he did as they asked.

• as long as 只要

  You can have a dog as long as you promise to take care of it.

  As long as my heart still beats, I will go on working for the people.

引导原因状语从句的连词

• because 因为

  I’m staying home tonight because Sarah canceled our plans.

  I did it because he told me to.

• since 因为，既然

  Since we've got a few minutes to wait for the train, let's have a cup of coffee.

  Susan must have come back home, since her coat is not in the wardrobe.

• as 因为，由于

  As it was getting late, I decided to book into a hotel.

  She may need some help as she's new.

引导让步状语从句的连词

让步状语从句一般翻译为“尽管……”或“即使……”等，就是我们平时用的“退一步说…”的感觉。

• although 虽然，尽管

  Although the sun was shining it wasn't very warm.

  Although I was only six, I can remember seeing it on TV.

• though 虽然，尽管

  I don’t drink milk, though I do pour milk in my coffee.

  His clothes, though old and worn, looked clean and of good quality.

• even if/though 即使，纵然

  I'll get there, even if I have to walk.

  I like her, even though she can be annoying at times.

• while 虽然，尽管

  While I am willing to help, I do not have much time available.

引导目的状语从句的连词

目的状语从句是用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的状语从句。

• so that/in order that 以便，因此

  She worked hard so that everything would be ready by 5 o'clock.

  He works hard in order that his family may be happy.

  You must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by all.

引导方式状语从句的连词

方式状语从句多用来谈论某人的行为或者做某事的方式。

• as 照…方式

  They did as I had asked.

  Leave the papers as they are.

• like 像…一样

  She acts like she owns the place.

  Like I said (= as I said before) , you're always welcome to stay.

• as if/though 好像，犹如

  He looks as if/though he had been hit by lightning.

  They completely ignore these facts as if they never existed.

引导结果状语从句的连词

结果状语从句的从句部分是补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的结果的，通常位于主句之后。

• so…that 如此…以致…

  The boy is so young that he can't go to school.

  He speaks so fast that no one can catch him.

• such…that 如此…以致…

  He is such a young boy that he can't go to school.

  It is such nice weather that I would like to go to the beach.

  The weather is so nice that I would like to go to the beach.

引导地点状语从句的连词

• where (在)…的地方

  Sit where I can see you.

  I will go where you go.

• wherever 在任何地方

  Sit wherever you like.

  Wherever she goes, there are crowds of people waiting to see her.

引导比较状语从句的连词

• than 比…

  He moves more slowly than his sister does.

  Man developed earlier than people think.

• as/so…as 和…一样

  Being a mother isn't as bad as I thought at first!

  She can't run as fast as she used to.

引导名词性从句的连词

引导名词性从句的连词有5个： 主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句，补语从句

• that

• 本身无意义，引导宾语从句时that常可省略

  She said (that) the story was true.

  The fact that he's older than me is not relevant.

• whether, if

• 均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性

  Do you know if he's married?

  Whether he can come to the party on time depends on the traffic.

• as if, as though
• 均表示“好像”“似乎” It sounds as if they might have made a dreadful mistake

回顾：

• 什么是副词？
• 副词是在句子中表示 行为 或 状态特征 的词，用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。

时间副词

• now 现在
Where are you living now?
• then 那时
I've been invited too, so I'll see you then.
• soon 很快
We'll be home soon.
• ago 以前
The letter came a few days ago.
• recently 近来
The bank recently opened a branch in Germany.
• lately 最近
Have you seen her lately?
• before 以前
I've been here before.
• early 早，提前
If you finish early you can go home.

时间副词

• today 今天
How are you feeling today?
• tomorrow 明天
I'm off now. See you tomorrow.
• the day after tomorrow 后天
The new students will enter school the day after tomorrow.
• yesterday 昨天
I can remember our wedding as if it were yesterday.
• the day before yesterday 前天
The day before yesterday my girlfriend left me.
• tonight 今晚
Come and have a meal with us tonight
• already 已经
I’ve already done it.

地点副词 表示地点的副词和表示位置关系的副词统称为地点副词。 表示地点的：

• here 在这
Put the box here.
• there 在那
I hope we get there in time.
• home 到家，在家
It was a lovely day so I walked home. I am home! Home is the safe place.
• upstairs/downstairs 在楼上/在楼下
I carried her bags upstairs/downstairs.
• anywhere 在任何地方
I can't see it anywhere.
• everywhere 在各处
I saw her picture everywhere.
• abroad 在国外
She worked abroad for a year.
• aboard 在(船、飞机、火车...)上
Welcome aboard!

地点副词 表示位置关系的(有些既可做副词也可做介词）：

• above 在上面，超过
A score of 70 or above will get you an ‘A’.
• below 在下面
They live on the floor below.
• down 向下
He looked down at her.
• up 向上
He jumped up from his chair.
• out 出来，不在家
She shook the bag and some coins fell out.
• in 在里面，进入
She looked up anxiously as he came in.
• across 从一边到另一边
It's too wide. We can't swim across.

地点副词

• along 向前
I was just walking along singing to myself.
• over 落下，翻转
Try not to knock that vase over.
• around 周围
I could hear laughter all around.
• away 离开
The beach is a mile away.
• nearby 在附近
The car is parked nearby.
• off 离开
I called him but he ran off.
• inside/outside 在里面/在外面
We had to move inside when it started to rain.
• indoors/outdoors 在室内/在室外
Try to avoid going outdoors in very cold or icy weather.

方式副词

• 表示动词的行为方式，多数以形容词+-ly结尾
• 如：
• quietly 安静地, heavily 沉重地, warmly 亲切地, carefully 仔细地, happily 快乐地, politely 礼貌地, angrily 生气地, suddenly 突然地, normally 正常地,softly 柔和地, slowly 缓慢地, bravely 勇敢地, quickly 快地, seriously 认真地,badly 拙劣地, sadly 难过地…

例句：

• He read the letter slowly.
• He quickly got dressed.
• He shook hands warmly with us.
• 还包括fast快, well好, hard努力地, alone独自地等。

程度副词

• 程度副词用于表示程度。
• 常见的有pretty 十分, rather 相当, quite 完全, very 非常, much 很, too 过于,greatly 大大地, almost 几乎, nearly 将近, half 部分地, highly 很, really 确实等。

例句：

• Mr. Shane was a highly successful salesman.
• I'm pretty sure I'll be going.
• I like almost all of them.
• He plays quite well.
• The bottle's nearly empty.
• The chicken was only half cooked.
• He's far too young to go on his own.
• I greatly regret not having told the truth.

焦点副词

• 指对所修饰的词进行强调，使之成为人们注意的焦点的副词。
• 常见的有only 仅仅, alone 只, also 也, even 甚至, just 就, mainly 主要地,especially 尤其, exactly 确切地等。

例句：

The bar is for members only .
The shoes alone cost £200.
I didn't like it that much. Also, it was much too expensive.
It was cold there even in summer.
You're just in time.
‘Where do you export to?’ ‘France, mainly.’
I love Rome, especially in the spring.
I know exactly how she felt.

疑问副词

• 疑问副词用于引出特殊疑问句。
• 有when 什么时候，where 在哪, why 为什么, how 怎样等。

例句：

• When did you last see him?
• Where are we going?
• Why were you late?
• How does it work?

连接副词

• 连接副词可分为两类，一类是用于连接句子或从句；
• 常见的有therefore 因此, besides 此外, otherwise 否则, however 然而,still 仍然, meanwhile 与此同时…

例句：

• Muscle cells need lots of fuel and therefore burn lots of calories.
• I don't really want to go. Besides, it's too late now.
• My parents lent me the money. Otherwise, I couldn't have afforded the trip.
• We thought the figures were correct. However, we have now discovered some errors.
• The weather was cold and wet. Still, we had a great time.
• Carl's starting college in September. Meanwhile, he's travelling around Europe.

连接副词

• 另一类连接副词是用于引导从句或不定式，主要的有when, why, where, how等。

例句：

• Sunday is the only day when I can relax.
• Tell me why you did it.
• I didn't know where to start.
• Roz doesn't know how to ride a bicycle.

• A an the
• I have a book.
• The book is great.
• The sun the earth
• I have an apple.
• The apple is great.

感叹词！

• Wow!
• Ouch!
• Well!
• Yuck!

before: Hello！

after: Greetings! [ˈɡriː tɪŋz] (发音标准)

Formal greetings: 较为正式的说法

• Greetings!
• Good morning/afternoon/evening.
• 不要说Good night. (类似Goodbye.)
• It’s nice to meet you.
• Glad to see you.

Informal greetings: 口语化的打招呼(相对轻松的场合)

• Hey
• What’s up?
• Hi
• Yo
• What’s good?
• How’s it going?
• Nothing much.

before: My name is Wang Lu. My English name is Kate.

after: My name is \(\underline{Wanglu}\) and I also go by \(\underline{Kate}\). （会使用简单词）

• I’m
• I am…
• My name is
• My name’s …
• I also go by…
• You can call me …
• AKA
• Also known as…

before: I am from Hebei. I am 22 years old. I come from Hebei.

after: I am from \(\underline{Handan, Hebei}\). But I am based in \(\underline{Beijing}\) now.

• May I ask how old you are?

Location 所在地

• I’m from \(\underline{China}\).
• I’m \(\underline{Chinese}\).（国籍）
• I come from \(\underline{Italy}\).（有点从哪来的感觉）
• I was born and raised in \(\underline{England}\). Bare born be born I was born
• I was born in \(\underline{Liaoning}\) but raised in \(\underline{Guangdong}\).
• I grew up in \(\underline{Xinjiang}\) and now live in Beijing. Be raised
• I’m originally from \(\underline{Xinjiang}\) but I’m now based in \(\underline{Hangzhou}\).
• I’ve been living in \(\underline{Beijing}\) for 12 years.
• I’ve spent the past few years in \(\underline{Shanghai}\).

Countries and Nationalities 常见国家和国籍词汇拓展

• before: I am a student. (学习) I am an engineer. (工作)

• after:

  I am a sophomore in \(\underline{Renmin\ University}\). My major is \(\underline{Law}\). （学习）

  I work for \(underline{Huawei}\) as an \(underline{IT\ engineer}\). （工作）

学历：

• I am in the \(\underline{sixth}\) grade/a sixth-grader.
• I’ve just finished \(\underline{my middle/high school}\).
• I am a freshman /sophomore /junior senior in \(\underline{college}\).
• I major in…/My major is…
• I’m about to graduate.
• I am a \(\underline{marketing}\) graduate.（专业）
• I have a degree in \(\underline{political\ science}\).
• I have a B.A.(bachelor of arts) degree in \(\underline{education}\).
• I have an M.S.(master of science) degree in \(\underline{electrical\ engineering}\).
• I am a biology postgrad.

• I’m currently taking a course in \(\underline{English}\).
• I’m taking a \(\underline{pottery/design}\) course.
• I have completed a \(\underline{72-hour\ computer}\) training.
• I attended a \(\underline{night\ school}\) in order to stay current with the latest technological changes.

工作：

• I work at/for \(\underline{公司}\) in \(\underline{部门}\).
• I work at/for \(\underline{OPPO}\) in \(\underline{the\ marketing\ department}\).
• I’m a \(\underline{职位}\) at \(\underline{工作地}\).
• I’m a \(\underline{manager}\) at \(\underline{a\ restaurant}\).
• I work in \(\underline{领域}\).
• I work in \(\underline{sales/fashion\ industry}\).
• I work as a+职业.
• I work as a nurse/an accountant.

经验：

• I have \(\underline{3\ years}\) of experience in the field.
• I have 10 years of \(\underline{teaching}\) experience.
• I worked in …field for …
• I worked in the accounting field for 3 years.

before: I like reading books. I am good at time management /Maths.

after: And I am fond of \(\underline{reading\ books}\). I excel at \(\underline{Time\ management/Maths}\).

• I really like running.
• I enjoy tennis a lot.
• I am a big fan of go karting.
• I am a keen runner/football player.

I excel at many things, but getting over you wasn't one of them.

我擅长很多事情，但忘记你并非其中一件事。 ——《生活大爆炸》

我为什么喜欢读书呢？

先给观点

I am fond of reading books like Harry Potter.

I love the book Harry Potter because it was the first book I ever read in English.

1. 先给观点
2. 再给例子解释支持观点

I love the book Harry Potter because it was the first book I ever read in English. I got this book when I was 6 years old on birthday party and this was the present from my father.

What do you like doing?

• In my free time, I like_______.(playing basketball/reading books/listening to music)
• I love_______. (going swimming)
• I enjoy_______. (watching TV)
• I hate_______. (going shopping)

—> like/enjoy/love/hate+-ing

I used to be \(\underline{a\ shy\ person}\). However, After learning with Ali, I become more confident/fearless.

我为什么害羞，后来变自信了呢？

讲述你的经历（BA原则 + 解释）：

However, After learning with Ali, I become more confident/fearless.

I am even able to speak fluent English in front of the public.（解释）

表达观点: I dislike a kind of person who is pretentious. 我不喜欢那种装x的人。

解释： They try to be rich, important or different, but you do not think that they are. 这种人总是尽力让自己显得有钱，重要或者与众不同，但是你并不觉得他们就是这样

备用话题：家庭

• I have a sister.
• I’m from a family of four.
• We are a family of four.
• I am one/ the youngest of four siblings.
• I am an only child.

备用话题：年龄

• I am 31 years old.
• I am at my early 30s.
• I am at my late 30s
• I am at my mid 30s.

备用话题：Fun facts about me

• An interesting fear
• I’m allergic to bees. If we are ever traveling together and you see me start running around in a panic…..it‘s ’because of a bee.
• A weird like or dislike
• I hate the smell of freshly cut grass.
• Facts about your pet
• I have 5 cats and 2 dogs.
• A strange achievement or extraordinary experience.
• I first traveled solo when I was 16.

before: Emmmm. That’s all.

after: It’s my pleasure meeting you.

高级： 自我介绍七步原则+思维工具

1. 【问候】Greetings！
2. 【名字】My name is \(\underline{Wanglu}\) and I also go by \(\underline{Kate}\).
3. 【地点/现居地】I am from \(\underline{Handan,\ Hebei}\). But I am based in \(\underline{Beijing}\) now.

4. 【学校】I am a sophomore in \(\underline{Renmin\ University}\). My major is \(\underline{Law}\).

   【工作】I work for \(\underline{Huawei}\) as an \(\underline{IT\ engineer}\).

5. 【擅长】I am good at \(\underline{time\ management}\) / Maths.

   给论据解释：Dealing with numbers always excites me.

   【爱好】And I am fond of \(\underline{reading\ books}\).

6. 【经历】I used to be a \(\underline{shy\ person}\). However, after \(\underline{learning\ with\ Ali}\), I am \(\underline{fearless/confident}\). （无所畏惧）

   Because 给论据解释，为什么无所畏惧/自信：I am even able to speak fluent English in front of the public.

   思维工具（BA/STAR/PDCA/SMART/SWOT）

7. 【结束】It’s my pleasure meeting you.

现在我用这个模板再给你们做一个自我介绍

自我介绍三大层次

自我介绍范文1

What do you like doing?

1.添加一些表示程度的词或短语，如really, quite, totally, absolutely, a little…E.g.:

• I really like taking photos.
• I quite enjoy jogging.
• I absolutely hate going shopping.

How often do you do your hobbies?

2.添加一些表示频率的词或短语

E.g.:

• often, sometimes, usually, rarely, never, always…
• every______ (weekend/Saturday afternoon)
• once/twice/three times a _______(once a week / twice a month / three times a year)

How often do you do your free time activity?

E.g.:

• I like playing sports. I play football every Tuesday evening.
• I absolutely hate going shopping. I only go shopping once or twice a year.
• I really like taking photos, but I don’t get the chance to do it often.

为你的答案不断增加细节，句子会更完整！

Where do you do your hobby?

3.添加表示地点的词或短语

E.g.:

• I like playing sports. I play football every Tuesday evening at the park near my house.
• I enjoy having coffee with my friends. We go to a café in the city center once or twice a

-eek.

• I really like taking wildlife photos in the forest, but I don’t get the chance to do it often.

When did you start?

4.添加起始的时间 have been doing 一直在做

E.g.:

• I started playing tennis when I was ten.
• I’ve been learning to paint for six months now.
• I decided to do yoga 16 years ago.

Why did you start doing it?

5.添加活动的起因

E.g.:

• My French friend got me into climbing.
• (=My friend introduced this activity to me, and I like it. )
• I started to go hiking because I wanted to be healthy and keep fit.

Why do you like it?

6.添加你的感受

Likes

• I like boxing because it’s quite exciting.
• I love doing yoga because it’s so relaxing.
• I really like writing stories because it’s creative, and I like using my imagination.

Why don’t you like it?

Dislikes

• I don’ t like going jogging because it’s tiring.
• I hate watching TV because I find it boring.
• I’ve been trying to learn English, but it’s too hard.